Medieval Ireland the Coming of the Normans, 1167â€1185

By the 12th century, Ireland was divided politically into a shifting hierarchy of petty kingdoms and over-kingdoms. Power was concentrated into the hands of a few regional dynasties contending against each other for control of the whole island. The Northern Ui Neill ruled much of what is now Ulster. Their kinsmen, the Southern Ui Neill, were Kings of Brega (Meath). The kingship of Leinster was held by the dynamic Ui Cheinnselaigh dynasty. A new kingdom rose between Leinster and Munster, Osraige, ruled by the family of Mac Giolla Phadraig. Munster was nominally controlled by the Mac Cartaig, who were however in reality often subject to the Ui Bhriain of Thomond. North of Thomond, Connacht's supreme rulers were the Ui Chonchubhair. After losing the protection of Tyrone Chief, Muirchertach MacLochlainn, High King of Ireland, who died in 1166, Dermot MacMurrough (Irish Diarmait Mac Murchada) , was forcibly exiled by a confederation of Irish forces under the new High King, Rory O'Connor. Diarmait fled first to Bristol and then to Normandy. He sought and obtained permission from Henry II of England to use the latter's subjects to regain his kingdom. By 1167 MacMurrough had obtained the services of Maurice Fitz Gerald and later persuaded Rhys ap Gruffydd Prince of Deheubarth to release Maurice's half-brother Robert Fitz-Stephen from captivity to take part in the expedition. Most importantly he obtained the support of the Earl of Pembroke Richard de Clare, known as Strongbow. The first Norman knight to land in Ireland was Richard fitz Godbert de Roche in 1167, but it was not until 1169 that the main forces of Normans, Welsh and Flemings landed in Wexford. Within a short time Leinster was regained, Waterford and Dublin were under Diarmait's control, and he had Strongbow as a son-in-law, and named him as heir to his kingdom. This latter development caused consternation to King Henry II of England, who feared the establishment of a rival Norman state in Ireland. Accordingly, he resolved to visit Leinster to establish his authority. The Papal Bull and Henry's invasion: Pope Adrian IV (the first English Pope, in one of his earliest acts) had already issued a Papal Bull in 1155, giving Henry authority to invade Ireland as a means of curbing ecclesiastical orruption and abuses. Little contemporary use, however, was made of the Bull Laudabiliter since its text enforced papal suzerainty not only over the island of Ireland but of all islands off of the European coast, including England, in virtue of the Constantinian donation. The relevant text reads: â€Å"There is indeed no doubt, as thy Highness doth also acknowledge, that Ireland and all o ther islands which Christ the Sun of Righteousness has illumined, and which have received the doctrines of the Christian faith, belong to the jurisdiction of St. Peter and of the holy Roman Church†. References to Laudabiliter become more frequent in the later Tudor period when the researches of the renaissance humanist scholars cast doubt on the historicity of the Donation of Constantine. Henry landed with a large fleet at Waterford in 1171, becoming the first King of England to set foot on Irish soil. Both Waterford and Dublin were proclaimed Royal Cities. Adrian's successor, Pope Alexander III ratified the grant of Irish lands to Henry in 1172. Henry awarded his Irish territories to his younger son John with the title Dominus Hiberniae (â€Å"Lord of Ireland†). When John unexpectedly succeeded his brother as King John, the â€Å"Kingdom of Ireland† fell directly under the English Crown. Henry was happily acknowledged by most of the Irish Kings, who saw in him a chance to curb the expansion of both Leinster and the Hiberno-Normans. This led to the ratification of the Treaty of Windsor (1175) between Henry and Ruaidhri. However, with both Diarmuid and Strongbow dead (in 1171 and 1176), Henry back in England and Ruaidhri unable to curb his nominal vassals, within two years it was not worth the vellum it was inscribed upon. John de Courcy invaded and gained much of east Ulster in 1177, Raymond le Gros had already captured Limerick and much of north Munster, while the other Norman families such as Prendergast, fitz Stephen, fitz Gerald, fitz Henry and le Poer were actively carving out virtual kingdoms for themselves.

Report of Seasonal Goods

————————————————- American Library Association From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia American Library Association| ALA Logo| Abbreviation| ALA| Formation| 1876| Type| Non-profit NGO| Purpose/focus| â€Å"To provide leadership for the development, promotion and improvement of library and information services and the profession of librarianship in order to enhance learning and ensure access to information for all. â€Å"[1]| Headquarters| Chicago, Illinois| Location| Chicago, Illinois  andWashington, DC| Region  served| United States| Membership| 59,675[2]|CEO| Keith Michael Fiels| President| Maureen Sullivan| Budget| $33. 5 million[3]| Staff| approx. 300| Website| American Library Association| The  American Library Association  (ALA) is a  non-profit organization  based in the  United States  that promotes  libraries  and library education international ly. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world,[4]  with more than 62,000 members. [5] * | ————————————————- [edit]History Founded by  Justin Winsor,  Charles Ammi Cutter,  Samuel S. Green, James L. Whitney,  Melvil Dewey  (Melvil Dui), Fred B.Perkins and  Thomas W. Bicknell  in 1876 in  Philadelphia  and chartered[6]  in 1879 in  Massachusetts, its head office is now in  Chicago. During the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, 103 librarians, 90 men and 13 women, responded to a call for a â€Å"Convention of Librarians† to be held October 4–6 at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. At the end of the meeting, according to Ed Holley in his essay â€Å"ALA at 100,† â€Å"the register was passed around for all to sign who wished to become charter members,† making October 6, 1876 to be ALA's birthday.In attendance were 90 men and 13 women, among them Justin Winsor (Boston Public, Harvard), William Frederick Poole (Chicago Public, Newberry), Charles Ammi Cutter (Boston Athenaeum), Melvil Dewey, and Richard Rogers Bowker. Attendees came from as far west as Chicago and from England. [citation needed]  The aim of the Association, in that resolution, was â€Å"to enable librarians to do their present work more easily and at less expense. â€Å"[7]  The Association has worked throughout its history to define, extend, protect and advocate for equity of access to information. 8] Library activists in the 1930s pressured the American Library Association to be more responsive to issues put forth by young members involved with issues such as peace, segregation, library unions and intellectual freedom. In 1931, the Junior Members Round Table (JMRT) was formed to provide a voice for the younger members of the ALA, but much of what they had to say resurfaced in the social respon sibility movement to come years later. 9]  During this period, the first  Library Bill of Rights  (LBR) was drafted by  Forrest Spaulding  to set a standard against censorship and was adopted by the ALA in 1939. This has been recognized as the moment defining modern librarianship as a profession committed to intellectual freedom and the right to read over government dictates. [10]  The ALA formed the Staff Organization's Round Table in 1936 and the Library Unions Round Table in 1940. The ALA appointed a committee to study censorship and recommend policy after the banning of  The Grapes of Wrath  and the implementation of the LBR.The committee reported in 1940 that intellectual freedom and professionalism were linked and recommended a permanent committee – Committee on Intellectual Freedom. [11]  The ALA made revisions to strengthen the LBR in June 1948, approved the Statement on Labeling in 1951 to discourage labeling material as subversive, and adopted the Freedom to Read Statement and the Overseas Library Statement in 1953. [11] In 1961, the ALA took a stand regarding service to  African Americans  and others, advocating for equal library service for all.An amendment was passed to the LBR in 1961 that made clear that an individual's library use should not be denied or abridged because of race, religion, national origin, or political views. Some communities decided to close their doors rather than desegregate. [12]  In 1963, the ALA commissioned a study,  Access to Public Libraries, which found direct and indirect discrimination in American libraries. [13] In 1967 some librarians protested against a pro-Vietnam War  speech given by General  Maxwell D.Taylor  at the annual ALA conference in San Francisco; the former president of  Sarah Lawrence College, Harold Taylor, spoke to the Middle-Atlantic Regional Library Conference about socially responsible professionalism; and less than one year later a group of librarians pr oposed that the ALA schedule a new round table program discussion on the social responsibilities of librarians at its next annual conference in  Kansas City. This group called themselves the Organizing Committee for the ALA Round Table on Social Responsibilities of Libraries.This group drew in many other under-represented groups in the ALA who lacked power, including the Congress for Change in 1969. [14]  This formation of the committee was approved in 1969 and would change its name to the Social Responsibilities Round Table (SRRT) in 1971). After its inception, the Round Table of Social Responsibilities began to press ALA leadership to address issues such as library unions, working conditions, wages, and intellectual freedom. The Freedom to Read Foundation was created by ALA's Executive Board in 1969. 15]  The Black Caucus of the ALA and the Office for Literacy and Outreach were set up in 1970. [16] In June 1990, the ALA approved â€Å"Policy on Library Services to the Poorà ¢â‚¬  and in 1996 the Task Force on Hunger Homelessness, and Poverty was formed to resurrect and promote the ALA guidelines on library services to the poor. [17] The ALA archival materials, non-current records, are currently held in the University of Illinois archives. [18]  These materials can only be used at the University of Illinois. ————————————————- edit]Membership ALA membership is open to any person or organization, though most of its members are  libraries  or librarians. Most members live and work in the United States, with international members comprising 3. 5% of total membership. [19] ————————————————- [edit]Governing structure the ALA is governed by an elected council and an executive board. Since 2002,  Keith Michael Fiels  has been the ALA executive director (CEO). [20]  Policies and programs are administered by various committees and round tables.One of the organization's most visible tasks is overseen by the Office for Accreditation, which formally reviews and authorizes American and Canadian academic institutions that offer degree programs in  library and information science. The ALA's current President is Molly Raphael (2011–2012). [21]  Notable past presidents of the ALA include  Theresa Elmendorf, its first female president (1911–1912),[22]  Clara Stanton Jones, its first African-American president (1976–1977),[23]  Loriene Roy, its first Native American president (2007–2008),[24][25]  Michael Gorman  (2005-6), and  Roberta Stevens. 26](See  List of presidents of the American Library Association. ) [edit]Activities The official purpose of the association is â€Å"to promote library service and librarianship. † Members may join one or more of eleven membe rship divisions that deal with specialized topics such as academic, school, or public libraries, technical or reference services, and library administration. Members may also join any of seventeen round tables that are grouped around more specific interests and issues than the broader set of ALA divisions. [edit]Notable divisions ALA Editions (book publishing)[27] * American Association of School Librarians  (AASL) * Association for Library Collections and Technical Services  (ALCTS) * Association for Library Service to Children  (ALSC) * Association of College and Research Libraries  (ACRL) * Library Information Technology Association  (LITA) * Public Library Association (PLA) * Reference and User Services Association  (RUSA) * Young Adult Library Services Association  (YALSA) [edit]Notable offices * Office of Intellectual Freedom (OIF) * Office for Accreditation (OA) Office for Literacy and Outreach Services (OLOS) * Office for Information Technology Policy (OITP) [e dit]Notable sub-organizations In 1970, the ALA founded the first  lesbian,  gay,  bisexual  and  transgender  professional organization, called the â€Å"Task Force on Gay Liberation†, now known as the GLBT Round Table. [28][29]  In the early 1970s, the Task Force on Gay Liberation campaigned to have books about the gay liberation movement at the  Library of Congress  reclassified from HQ 71–471 (â€Å"Abnormal Sexual Relations, Including Sexual Crimes†).In 1972, after receiving a letter requesting the reclassification, the Library of Congress agreed to make the shift, reclassifying those books into a newly created category, HQ 76. 5 (â€Å"Homosexuality, Lesbianism—Gay Liberation Movement, Homophile Movement†). On July 23, 1976, the Committee on the Status of Women in Librarianship was established as a Council Committee of the ALA on recommendation of the Ad Hoc Committee with the same name (which had been appointed by the Presid ent of the ALA in December 1975) and of the Committee on Organization.The Committee on the Status of Women in Librarianship works to â€Å"officially represent the diversity of women's interest within ALA and to ensure that the Association considers the rights of the majority (women) in the library field; to promote and initiate the collection, analysis, dissemination, and coordination of information on the status of women in librarianship; to coordinate the activities of ALA units which consider questions of special relevance for women; to identify lags, gaps, and possible discrimination in resources and programs relating to women; in cooperation with other ALA units, to help develop and evaluate tools, guidelines, and programs designed to enhance the opportunities and the image of women in the library profession, thus raising the level of consciousness concerning women; to establish contacts with committees on women within other professional groups and to officially represent ALA concerns at interdisciplinary meetings on women's equality; and to provide Council and Membership with reports needed for establishment of policies and actions related to the status of women in librarianship; and to monitor ALA units to ensure consideration of the rights of women. †Ã‚  [30][31]  In 1979 the Committee on the Status of Women in Librarianship received the Bailey K. Howard – World Book Encyclopedia – ALA Goal Award to develop a profile of ALA personal members, known as the COSWL Study. In 1980 the Committee on the Status of Women in Librarianship was awarded the J. Morris Jones – World Book Encyclopedia – ALA Goals Award with the OLPR Advisory Committee to undertake a special project on equal pay for work of equal value. [31] [edit]National outreach The ALA is affiliated with regional, state, and student chapters across the country.It organizes conferences, participates in library standards development, and publishes a number of book s and periodicals. The ALA publishes the magazines  American Libraries  and  Booklist. Along with other organizations, it sponsors the annual  Banned Books Week  the last week of September. Young Adult Library Services Association  (YALSA) also sponsors  Teen Read Week, the third week of each October, and  Teen Tech Week, the second week of each March [edit]Awards Main article:  List of ALA awards The ALA annually confers numerous book and media awards, primarily through its children's and young adult divisions (others are the  Dartmouth Medal,  Coretta Scott King Awards, Schneider Book Awards, and  Stonewall Book Award).The children's division ALSC administers the  Caldecott Medal,  Newbery Medal,  Batchelder Award,  Belpre Awards,  Geisel Award, and  Sibert Medal, all annual book awards;[32]  the Odyssey Award for best audiobook (joint with YALSA), and the (U. S. )  Carnegie Medal  and for best video. There are also two ALSC lifetime recog nitions, the  Wilder Medal  and the  Arbuthnot Lecture. The  young-adult  division YALSA administers the  Margaret Edwards Award  for significant and lasting contribution to YA literature, a lifetime recognition of one author annually, and some annual awards that recognize particular works: the  Michael L. Printz Award  for a YA book judged on literary merit alone, the  William C. Morris Award  for an author's first YA book, the new â€Å"YALSA Award for Excellence in Nonfiction for Young Adults†, and the â€Å"Alex Award† list of ten adult books having special appeal for teens.Jointly with the children's division ALSC there is the  Odyssey Award  for excellence in  audiobookproduction. [33] The award for YA nonfiction was inaugurated in 2012, defined by ages 12 to 18 and publication year November 2010 to October 2011. The first winner was ‘The Notorious Benedict Arnold: A True Story of Adventure, Heroism ; Treachery  by Steve Sheink in (Roaring Brook Press, November 2010) and four other finalists were named. [34][35] Beside the Alex Awards, ALA disseminates some annual lists of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Notable†Ã‚  and â€Å"Best† books and other media. The annual awards roster includes the  John Cotton Dana Award  for excellence in library public relations.In 2000 the Office for Literacy and Outreach Services (OLOS) launched the  Jean E. Coleman Library Outreach Lecture  in tribute to the work of the first OLOS director, Dr. Jean E. Coleman. Barbara J. ford gave the inaugural lecture, â€Å"Libraries, Literacy, Outreach and the Digital Divide. † From 2006 the ALA annually selects a class of Emerging Leaders, typically comprising about 100 librarians and library school students. This minor distinction is a form of organizational outreach to new librarians. The Emerging Leaders are allocated to project groups tasked with developing solutions to specified problems within ALA divisions. The class meets at the ALA Midwinter and Annual Meetings, commonly January and June.Project teams may present posters of their completed projects at the Annual. [36] [edit]Conferences The ALA and its divisions hold numerous conferences throughout the year. The two largest conferences are the annual conference and the midwinter meeting. The latter is typically held in January and focused on internal business, while the annual conference is typically held in June and focused on exhibits and presentations. The ALA annual conference is notable for being one of the largest professional conferences in existence, typically drawing over 25,000 attendees. [37] ————————————————- [edit]Political positions ALA Seal|The ALA  advocates  positions on  United States  political issues that it believes are related to libraries and librarianship. For court cases that touch on issues about which the organization holds positions, the ALA often files  amici curiae  briefs, voluntarily offering information on some aspect of the case to assist the court in deciding a matter before it. The ALA has an office in  Washington, D. C. , that  lobbies  Congress  on issues relating to libraries, information and communication. It also provides materials to libraries that may include information on how to apply for grants, how to comply with the law, and how to oppose a law. [38] [edit]Intellectual freedom See also:  Book censorship in the United StatesThe primary documented expressions of the ALA's intellectual freedom principles are the Freedom to Read Statement[39]  and the  Library Bill of Rights; the Library Bill of Rights urges libraries to â€Å"challenge censorship in the fulfillment of their responsibility to provide information and enlightenment. â€Å"[40]  The ALA Code of Ethics also calls on librarians to â€Å"uphold the principles of intellectual freedom and resist all efforts to censor library resources. â€Å"[41] The ALA maintains an Office for Intellectual Freedom (OIF) headed by Barbara M. Jones, former University Librarian for Wesleyan University and internationally known intellectual freedom advocate and author. 42]  She is the second director of the Office for Intellectual Freedom, succeeding  Judith Krug, who headed the office for four decades. OIF is charged with â€Å"implementing ALA policies concerning the concept of  intellectual freedom,†[43]  that the ALA defines as â€Å"the right of every individual to both seek and receive information from all points of view without restriction. It provides for free access to all expressions of ideas through which any and all sides of a question, cause or movement may be explored. â€Å"[44]  Its goal is â€Å"to educate librarians and the general public about the nature and importance of intellectual freedom in libraries. †Ã‚  [43]  The OIF compiles lists of challenged books as reported in the media and submitted to them by librarians across the country. 45] In 1999, radio personality  Laura Schlessinger  campaigned publicly against the ALA's intellectual freedom policy, specifically in regard to the ALA's refusal to remove a link on its web site to a specific sex-education site for teens. [46]  Sharon Presley  said, however, that Schlessinger â€Å"distorted and misrepresented the ALA stand to make it sound like the ALA was saying porno for ‘children' is O. K. â€Å"[47] In 2002, the ALA filed suit with library users and the ACLU against the United States  Children's Internet Protection Act  (CIPA), which required libraries receiving federal E-rate discounts for Internet access to install a â€Å"technology protection measure† to prevent children from accessing â€Å"visual depictions that are obscene, child pornography, or harmful to minors. [48]  At trial, the federal district court struck down the law as unconstitutional. [49]  The government appealed this decision, and on June 23, 2003, the  Supreme Court of the United States  upheld the law as constitutional as a condition imposed on institutions in exchange for government funding. In upholding the law, the Supreme Court, adopting the interpretation urged by the U. S. Solicitor General at oral argument, made it clear that the constitutionality of CIPA would be upheld only â€Å"if, as the Government represents, a librarian will unblock filtered material or disable the Internet software filter without significant delay on an adult user's request. â€Å"[50] [edit]PrivacyIn 2003, the ALA passed a resolution opposing the  USA PATRIOT Act, which called sections of the law â€Å"a present danger to the constitutional rights and privacy rights of library users†. [51]  Since then, the ALA and its members have sought to change the law by working with members of Congress and educating their communities and the press about the law's potential to violate the privacy rights of library users. ALA has also participated as an  amicus curiae  in lawsuits filed by individuals challenging the constitutionality of the USA PATRIOT Act, including a lawsuit filed by four Connecticut librarians after the library consortium they managed was served with a National Security Letter seeking information about library users. 52]  After several months of litigation, the lawsuit was dismissed when the FBI decided to withdraw the National Security Letter. [53]  In 2007 the â€Å"Connecticut Four† were honored by the ALA with the Paul Howard Award for Courage for their challenge to the National Security Letter and gag order provision of the USA PATRIOT Act. [54] In 2006, the ALA sold humorous â€Å"radical militant librarian† buttons for librarians to wear in support of the ALA's stances on intellectual freedom, privacy, and civil liberties. [55]  Inspiration for the button’s desig n came from documents obtained from the FBI by the  Electronic Privacy Information Center  (EPIC) through a  Freedom of Information Act  (FOIA) request. The request revealed a series of e-mails in which FBI agents complained about

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Analyis of financial objectives, financials projecttions and investment decisions - Essay Example These objectives are designed and reviewed at fixed intervals, discrepancies are identified and finally based on reviews suggestions are employed to meet the desired gaps. In same trend management of the company in the year end 2012 called up board meeting and planned company objectives for the next three years. This report is based on the review of the planned objectives. For the purpose, this report provided critical analysis of the set forth objectives along with its comparison with competitors’ objectives. Section II of the report has developed financials (comprising of income statement and balance sheet) for the next three years i.e. 2013- 2015 and has made an attempt to review level of alignment between objectives and financials. Section III of the report provides review of investment decision that company intends to make pertaining to cost of capital and its impact on shareholders wealth. Lastly, the report provides concluding remarks based on the overall review. 1- OBJ ECTIVE EVALUATION In the board meeting held in the ending of the current year, management has highlighted corporate objectives and future direction for the next three years. These objectives have been set based on the financial position for the current year 2012. Financial objectives for the next three years are as follows: 1- To maintain the profit margin around 24% 2- To ensure the current strong financial position is maintained 3- To satisfy shareholders by maintaining the dividend payout ratio of 50% ANALYSIS OF THE FINANCIAL OBJECTIVES Apparently the objectives appear to be suitable for the overall business. However, since the case do not provide detailed financial information, therefore, it is difficult to accept these objectives in alignment with the overall objectives across departments. For instance, maintaining profit margin at 24% refers that Aztec Catering has either plans to maintain the strong control over cost or would increase its prices to maintain to meet the objec tive or increase sales. Both options have their implications mainly for following factors: 1- Level of competition 2- Inflation 3- Only in case if all other things remain same Keeping under consideration, Aztec Catering is competing with Compass group which comparatively bigger business concern. Therefore, increasing price would divert its customer to the competitor and there is ample chance for Aztec Catering to lose customer base. On contrary, reducing overall cost or developing stronger control over cost items is the other option. As stated in the given option, objective of Compass group is to provide the best services to its customers refers that Compass group would provide more value added offerings to its customer. Providing value added products would increase cost while being bigger concern it can easily attain the benefit of economies while Aztec Catering in order to remain competitive has to increase its offerings as well that resultantly would rise in cost. Hence, there ar e all chances that cost would increase in a greater proportion than sales. Therefore, cost control appears somewhat difficult option. Considering the third option of increasing sales also require increased marketing and other activities that would also increase cost. Therefore, it with the given information it is difficult to infer the ways Aztec Catering would maintain the profit margin of 24%. The given information has also not accounted the other factors that increasing cost. For instance, for the target that have been set the given informa

Ulysses And Tennysons Narrative Techniques Essay Example for Free

Ulysses And Tennysons Narrative Techniques Essay A: Look again at Ulysses and write about Tennysons narrative techniques In Ulysses, Tennyson presents the characteristics and attitudes of the eponymous central character through the dynamic form of the dramatic monologue. Through an adroit blending of literary techniques including those of structure, form and language, he seeks to clarify much of the mystique behind the mythological background of Ulysses, and reveal his persona of desire and heroism, alongside his undesirable traits of contemptuousness and hubristic pride. Throughout the poem, its form and structure allow Tennyson to reveal the character of Ulysses as he wishes him to be portrayed. Ulysses takes the form of the dramatic monologue, with Tennyson adapting the persona of his mythical character and using this form to reveal Ulysses character through his own words. This choice of form, combined with the structural use of unrhymed iambic pentameter, or blank verse, allows the poem to adopt a rhythm that is one of the closest imitators of human speech in verse. This makes the words that Tennyson, writes and Ulysses speaks take on a much more personal tone and a deeper meaning, fully disclosing his character and attitude in a way that a more artificial and structured form, for example the Spenserian, simply could not achieve. This effect is added to the by the extensive and contrasted uses of enjambment and caesurae, further imitating the depth and sincerity of speech rhythms, examples being The long day wanes: The slow moon climbs: the deep/Moans round with many voices, the listed pauses of wanes and climbs accentuating the slowness of the day and moon, and the enjambment through the deep stressing the true profundity of said deep. Furthermore, the extensive use of enjambment allies with the themes of endeavour to an excessive, almost unattainably foolish level, the line beyond the utmost bound of human thought exemplifying this, the poem runs on to the excess of Ulysses mind. Finally, the balance between lines and theme is also important- twenty-six lines go on the zeal of Ulysses previous explorations, and a further twenty-six go on his hopes, fears and attitudes for and towards the future. In contrast, he spends only eleven lines on his government and responsibility, and can spare just a single bitter indictment, aged wife for the ever faithful Penelope. This structure echoes the theme of responsibility against detachment- Ulysses excessive description of himself and the fleeting mention of his subjects illustrates his abdication of responsibility and the egocentric nature of his character, although this could be expected from a great classical king. It also exemplifies the excessiveness of Ulysses ambition, an excess that as the monologue progresses, can be seen to expand to encompass the boundaries of the foolish, the detrimental and the unattainable. However as in much of his verse, the main techniques that Tennyson uses to portray the ideas and themes of Ulysses character are those of imagery and language. This is especially evident through the contrasting imagery and rhythm of his description of his people against his adventures. The initial imagery of the poem, of an idle king, and the barren crags of his kingdom of Ithica, sets up a tone of monotony, suggesting Ulysses lack of passion or feeling for his duties and who unto his duties are performed. This takes another level with his description of his own people, Unequal laws unto a savage race, /That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me. This description shows his contempt and lack of compassion for his people, as they are given a primitive, uneducated character as opposed to his own illustrious nature that is revealed throughout the poem. Furthermore, the lack of even a personal pronoun, that instead of who, for example, furthers the distance between him and his people, the idea of detachment being inverted in conjunction with that of responsibility. The final nature of this point is in its structure- the monosyllabic, strong and harsh beats of hoard, and sleep, and feed portray the tedium that Ulysses sees himself to rule. This contrasts directly with the opening descriptions of Ulysses own character, and his views and memories of his past adventures. He states, I cannot rest from travel: I will drink/Life to the lees, with the enjambment through the two lines portraying the excess and the metaphorical consumption of the lees that he strives to reach- the words could also suggest a curse however, with the extent such that as he consumes so much of life, he will inevitably take in the less desirable and the negative aspects. This consumption imagery is continued with For always roaming with a hungry heart/Much I have seen and known: cities of men/And manners, climates, councils, governments, the listed monosyllables now highlighting how far he has gone, rather than the extent of his contempt in the previous usage- this highlighting the contrasting areas of Ulysses character. Tennyson also employs the technique of antithesis to highlight the extent of Ulysses zeal for travel, and to show that this may reach the realms of foolishness, introducing the idea of the glamour of the unattainable. He states All times I have enjoyed/Greatly, have suffered greatly, both with those/That loved me, and alone, the use of antithesis in the images and the enjambment of the lines combining to highlights Ulysses powerful, almost excessive desire for travel- the excess continues through the drunk delight of battle, as he metaphorically revels in the bitterness of war to the extent that it is almost an addiction of the mind, to the extent that he has become a name. This can be interpreted in many ways- he could be known world over for his great journeys, or left simply as a shadow of a man, with just the superficiality of a name to back up his previous greatness, his involvement with a part of all that I have met. He then moves on to talk of celestial imagery filled with gravitas- Yet all experience is an arch wherethro/Gleams that untravlld world, whose margin fades/For ever and ever when I move, the enjambment of the lines highlighting the fading of the arch, as if he will never be satisfied, that the unattainable is the most desirable. This continues to the extent of To follow knowledge like a sinking star,/Beyond the utmost bound of human thought, the simile of celestial permanence being juxtaposed against its own sinking possibly revealing an acceptance of his plausibly misguided nature, and the exaggeration of utmost bound of human thought showing the foolishness in his wants, or simply highlighting the zealous heroism that runs throughout the poem. The tone of the imagery changes upon his reference to Telemachus- his son who will inherit his title of King. He describes him as blameless and decent not to fail, ending the reference to his son with He works his work, I mine. This shallow praise highlights a caring for his son, but more interestingly reintroduces his contempt and condescension towards his responsibilities- the final patronising and heavily accented I mine implying a scornful attitude towards the insignificant duties that he considers Kingship to be. These descriptive epithets of Telemachus, blameless, discerning, are spoken with an air of indifference bordering on malicious contempt, and become ironic through Ulysses own abdication of duty, though this does not have the effect of removing the depraved tone. The shortening of the lines when referring to Telemachus also relate to his attitude through structure- the zeal of the enjambment and fleshed out lines of his memories (and future plans further on in the monolo gue) is replaced by short, sharp lines, as if they are confined, as opposed to the free flowing, almost liberated verse of his memories. As the tone changes with thoughts of the future, he talks of his trusted mariners, those who have Toild, and wrought, and thought with me, the use of thought over fought being an interesting idea, possibly highlighting Ulysses earlier intellectual superiority over his savage race. He then moves on to talk of death and its consequences- Death closes all: but something ere the end,/Some work of noble note, may yet be done, his acceptance of deaths reality juxtaposed against his overwhelming zeal for exploration heightening the sense of purpose to a possible extent of foolishness. This is furthered by lines like It may be that we shall touch the Happy Isles/ One equal temper of heroic hearts/Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will, the idea of the acceptance of time and fate being more powerful than himself removing the previous hubristic tone that accompanied his words. The final line, To strive, to seek, to find and not to yield, exemplifies all that is revealed about Ulysses in the monologue- he will endure to the end, whether or not if it is the right, or even most rational course of action- his desire will conquer all, as much as he accepts that ultimately, death has the same enduring power. In conclusion, Tennyson uses many literary devices to portray the nature and attitudes of the mythological character of Ulysses. Through artfully blending technically adept poetic devices against the purest echo of human speech, he reveals the multi faceted character of Ulysses through his words, allowing the reader to fully understand the motives behind Ulysses seemingly limitless ambition, and the more sinister power that this ambition can hold to the detriment of the individual- a powerful message to society, as well as an exploration of one of the most remarkable characters of mythology. B: How far do you agree that the character of Ulysses is far from heroic? Tennysons dramatic monologue, Ulysses has been subjected to many literary interpretations since its first drafting in 1833, just weeks after the death of Tennysons closest friend, Hallam. One of the most debated points is on the nature of Ulysses character in relation to heroism, and whether he is the typically zealous and gallant mythological king, or a misguided and erroneously naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve individual, who obsessively seeks the unattainable alongside a malicious contempt for those for who he should hold responsibility. Of course, the concept of heroism is not the only interpretation of the character of Ulysses that has been presented- ideas of responsibility and of social symbolism have also been put forward. Ever since its publishing, literary critics have understood Ulysses to have the underlying theme of heroism with it, and one of the secondary interpretations of this is that the character of Ulysses is in fact far from heroic. Chiasson states that Ulysses is a type of human being who held a set of ideas which . . . [are] destructive of the whole fabric of his society, suggesting that he was not in fact a hero, but someone with no comprehension of responsibility for his people, to the extent of selfish desire over support of his people. This is exemplified by the words of the poem, where he describes his people as a savage race, who hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me, highlighting the arrogance and superiority that he feels for over his people, and his subsequent contempt of lifes duties. This is furthered by the virile condescension of his description of his son, blameless and discerning, culminating in He works his work, I mine, highlighting the lack of heroism in his selfish actions of pursuing his aspirations of travel and excess, rather than the basic humanitarian needs of his people. A secondary idea about his lack of heroism is the air of misguided, unattainable desires that permeates some of the description of his character. His desire to To follow knowledge like a sinking star/Beyond the utmost bound of human thought has a sense of foolishness and excess upon reading it, as if it is too far, as if the heroism of the character is being overtaken by this cursed drunk delight- by convention a true hero would know when to stop, yet many of the greatest heroes have had their own hubristic, tragic flaws- perhaps this inability to recognise the boundaries of the gleaming arch is the one that can be put alongside Ulysses. As a tertiary interpretation of a lack of heroism, the closing parts of the poem can be seen to take on a tone of acceptance, almost a suicidal wish for release juxtaposed against the powerfully stirring rhetoric that undercuts the entire poem. Critics have agreed with this interpretation in the past- McCulloch describing the masterly, inspirational oratory of the closing lines of this poem with a recognition that what it encourages is reckless and suicidal, and Buckley has the interpretation that Ulysses does not have a complete will to go forward . . . but a determined retreat, a yearning, behind allegedly tired rhythms, to join the great Achilles (or possibly Arthur Hallam) in an Elysian retreat from lifes vexations. The context of the poem, written just after Hallams death certainly complements this interpretation, with the suggestion of Tennyson wishing to regress from the trials of life into a stupor in memory of his friend, and the words of the poem We may touch the Happy Isles and Death closes all also reflect this interpretation. Therefore the monologue does present a case for Ulysses character to be described as far from heroic, as if he is a symbol of naivety and endless greed, disinterested and indifferent to those who it is his duty to serve. However, alongside the presentation of Ulysses being far from heroic, the idea that Ulysses is indeed heroic immediately comes into focus. The images of consumption early in the poem could suggest a dangerous addiction to his adventure, but equally could suggest the admirable quality of taking life with both hands and throwing himself into experience, I will drink life to the lees and I have enjoyd/Greatly, and have suffered greatly, the juxtaposed ideas heightening the sense of depth that Ulysses goes to as he fully experiences life, and how his seemingly limitless ambition could, or should be an example to the readers, the savage race. This can be applied to much more of the poem- his views on life itself can be extended to heroism. He states that How dull it is to pause/As if to breathe were life, as if he is advocating the proactive approach to life, that pausing turns life to a mere existence- possibly echoing a secondary attitude of Tennyson to Hallams death, that he in fact mu st go on to continue is own life, instead of fading into a mere existence. Furthermore, much of the hyperbolic imagery of the monologue, the ideas of utmost bounds and gleaming arches could exemplify the glamour and beauty of heroism, which for many of the Victorian people was what Ulysses represented, a revolt against the bourgeoisie imposed laws of monontony, to simply hoard, and sleep, and feed. Finally, the acceptance of deaths implications and meaning in the closing lines of the poem could represent an intelligent heroism, as if Ulysses is a true hero, knowing that he cannot go on forever, not now that strength that in old days/Moved earth and heaven, his acceptance that there is a limit showing compassion for those who accompany him, and the idea of to strive, to seek, and not to yield adding to the never-say-die attitude of a hero. A secondary interpretation of the final line is its supposed irony underneath its resoluteness, made relevant to the similar attitude of Satan in Miltons Paradise Lost, never to submit or yield, going back to the perception of Ulysses as an anti-hero of his own resolve. James D. Kissane addresses this idea of a heroism in both sides of his character with desire to escape the wearisome present . . . ; but it is after all the counter-melody to the main theme, a negative emotion which an affirmative must transcend. Thus the mood of Ulysses is resolute though rooted in a sense of weakness as well as strength. As well as the ever-present idea of heroism, there are other interpretations of the dramatic monologue, and one of these is that of social responsibility, and its contrast with detachment from the vagaries of this and life, a similar theme to that presented in The Lady of Shalott. Ulysses is seen throughout the poem to want to escape from his own, enforced reality of Kingship, which is seen through his description of his land barren crags, and his people a savage race. This is in contrast with for example, the Lady of Shalott, who while not in true contact with life, has a suppressed desire to be within it- what Ulysses sees as life is the complete antithesis of what his life was set out to be, and hence this creates a juxtaposition of his personality and adventure against his feelings for his people. This is highlighted with the contrast of the imagery above with his glamorous desires and memories, examples including Gleams that untravlld world and Drunk delight of battle with my peers, accentuating Ulysses lack of concern for his people, but at the same time showing that despite his egotism, his desires for experience and life are ones that can be admired, and could even be seen by him to be his example to his people, that they should know him rather than know(ing) not me- it does also however suggest his inability to look back on and be satisfied with his lot- he can only look for more. A final interpretation of the poem is how it fits in with Tennysons own attitudes, and how he could be seen as symbolic to the Victorian people. The poem was of course written shortly after Hallams death, and as a result numerous conclusions can be drawn as to how the poem relates to Tennyson, and how he sees himself through the persona he adopts. The idea of the poem being an exercise in catharsis for Tennyson is certainly relevant, and one of the attitudes that can be portrayed is that of a desire to go forward from Hallams death, as Charles Tennyson put it in his 1849 biography, Tennyson expressed his realization of the need for going forward and braving the battle of life, in spite of the crushing blow of Arthurs [A. Henry Hallams] death- this is highlighted in Ulysses desire for exploration and experience, I will drink life to the lees. A second idea is that of Tennyson wishing to regress into a stupor of death, as the resigned and almost suicidal air of the closing lines of the monologue indicates, to an extent, an example being It may be that the gulfs will wash us down,/It may be that we will touch the Happy Isles, as if he wishes to join Hallam in the Happy comfort of death. As effectively explained by Thomson, the poem could be recognizably the product of internal debate, suggesting that Tennysons confusion over his own reaction to Hallams death comes out in the two sides to Ulysses attitude to adventure in the poem itself. Finally, the closing line, To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield came to be a symbol for the people of the Victorian age, a symbol of proactivity and change that they could fully relate to, ironically in contrast to the receptors of Ulysses in the monologue itself, his savage race. In conclusion, I agree that the character of Ulysses is far from heroic. His contemptuousness in terms of his people, combined with the overly hubristic and foolish desires upon the greatest of knowledge shows him to be an egocentrically misguided character, despite some of the qualities portrayed by Tennyson seeming, and being admirable. However, on a grander scale I feel that he character of Ulysses is more driven by Tennysons feelings than the individual portrayed in Homers Odyssey and Dantes Inferno, with the character representing more than anything the deeply personal and highly conflicting emotion of grief.

Propylene Glycol as a Pharmaceutical Excipient in Pediatrics

Propylene Glycol as a Pharmaceutical Excipient in Pediatrics Disha Patel The Utilization of Propylene Glycol as a Pharmaceutical Excipient in the Pediatric Field Abstract As a widely used excipient in pediatric formulations, propylene glycol functions as a solvent, emulsifier, humectant, and hygroscopic agent. It is a clear, colorless liquid whose properties enable it to have pharmacodynamic applications. Oftentimes, propylene glycol is combined with other mediations to enhance its penetration. For instance, a combination of 20% propylene glycol and 5% lactic acid in a semiocculusive cream base is used as a highly effective and well-tolerated keratolytic in patients with lamellar ichthyosis and possibly could be in various other hyperkeratotic diseases. Unfortunately, though to a lesser degree, this excipient is associated with toxic effects such as hyperosmolality, hemolysis, and lactic acidosis. Also, in concentrations greater than 10%, propylene glycol may act as an irritant in some patients (Health Effects 2). From a pharmacokinetic viewpoint, there is a potential of renal toxicity associated with propylene glycol and lorazepam. The high concentra tion of propylene glycol contained in certain intravenous drug products, such as phenytoin, diazepam, digoxin, and etomidate, may induce thrombophlebitis. Here, the patients increased serum creatinine concentrations are likely to have resulted from exposure to propylene glycol due to lorazepam infusion. Serum osmolality and osmol gap may be useful markers for propylene glycol toxicity. Much like the above mentioned applications, through its chemical composition, propylene glycol has the ability to exert a beneficial effect on pediatric formulations (Webbook 5). Introduction Propylene glycol, which is also known Propane-1,2-diol, is a colorless, viscous, organic liquid with a slightly sweet taste. This excipient is utilized in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparations. Examples of pharmaceutical applications include therapeutic drugs such as vaccines, cough syrups, local anesthetics, antiseptics, vitamins, and hormones. It is produced through the fermentation of yeast and carbohydrates. Propylene glycol is industrially made from propylene oxide. It is made from either a catalytic or a non-catalytic method which exposes the propylene into extremes of temperature and a small amount of sulfuric acid or alkali to yield propylene glycol for industrial purposes (Frequently Asked Questions about Propylene Glycol 1). It is concluded that, with extensive research, this excipient is categorized as safe in the body. According to the Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry, in the body, under conditions of normal low exposure, propylene glycol is quickly metabolized and excreted. Its metabolic pathway is comparable to that of sugar: propylene glycol is quickly converted into lactic acid, similar to what happens with the energy in the muscles when exercising. Afterwards, the lactic acid is excreted via urine (Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews 2). Surprisingly, from a toxicological point of view, alcohol is more toxic than propylene glycol. Propylene glycol has been used safely for more than 50 years in a large variety of applications. As a result, it is effectively used in prescription medications such amoxicillin (500 mg), clindamycin hydrochloride (150 mg 300 mg), gabapentin (300 mg), lyrica (50 g 75 mg), and omeprazole (20 mg) (Result Filters 4). Through statistical data, it is overwhelmingly evident that there is a continually growing market for propylene glycol. According to the IHS website, United States (19%), Western Europe (39%), Japan (17%), and China (80%) had the largest consumption (Inactive Ingredients in Pharmaceutical Products 5). Since it has been proven safe with a relative low toxicity level, it is projected that the consumption of propylene glycol will rise (IHS Home Page 4). The Effects of Propylene Glycol in Pediatrics Pharmaceutical medications are composed of two very essential ingredients: active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients. The purpose of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in a drug is to elicit a specific therapeutic effect on the patient. Specifically, when the drug is consumed, it will exert a necessary effect on the body in order to produce an ideal outcome: the therapeutic response (TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR PROPYLENE GLYCOL 3). The component of the drug is the excipient, which is an inactive ingredient utilized for possible multifunctional usage. For instance, an excipient can be binders, coatings, diluents, disintegrants, fillers, flavors, colors, lubricants, glidants, sorbents, preservatives, sweeteners, and solubilizing agents. Oftentimes, they do acquire some extent of therapeutic acclivity, though less than the API. Similar to many other drugs, propylene glycol functions both, as an API and excipient-an indication that multiple functions can have multiple benef its (AccessMedicine [41168448] 2). Additionally, medications are tailored to a specific age group to maximize the therapeutic effect for the patient. Therefore, criteria for an ideal drug for the pediatric population will undoubtedly differ from the criteria for the geriatric population. Routes of administration suitable for pediatrics include oral, topical, rectal, inhalation, injectable and drop (eye, ear, and nose). Propylene glycol enters the body as an alcohol and metabolizes in the bodys enzyme pathways. These pathways do not mature in humans until 12 to 30 months of age. Proper judgment when administering a propylene glycol-based formulation to neonates is crucial in order to prevent potential complications (PubChem 1). In comparison to adults, new born babies have a propylene glycol half-life of 16.9 hours rather than a significantly lower 5 hour half-life for adults. In one study, the use a multivitamins whose contents included propylene glycol resulted in serum osmolality in low-birth-weight premature babies. However, in another research activity, phenobarbital injections containing propylene glycol were deemed to have an inconsequential effect on the osmolar gap (AccessMedicine [40400741] 4). A higher amount of propylene glycol delivered per dose, such as 3 grams, is known to cause more seizures in infants, in comparison to those receiving lesser amounts per dose, such as 300 mg. In a population of 262 patients treated for burns, roughly 3 percent were the result of topical propylene glycol which resulted in hyperosmolality (Potential Safety Concerns with the Large Amount of Propylene Glycol 2). Since propylene glycol is a liquid excipient, it affects the gastrointestinal tract. However, studies of people and animals show that if you have repeated eye, skin, nasal, or oral exposures to propylene glycol for a short time, you may develop some irritation. Furthermore, extensive studies performed have concluded that there are no severe risks of propylene glycol in infants. Thus, it is assumed to be safe if consumed in moderation. The oral liquid formulation also illustrates a high compliance rate amongst infants. Simple considerations such as route of administration and effective concentrations can help achieve a therapeutic response (AccessMedicine [40400741] 6). The chemical composition of propylene glycol is relatively simple: alcohol groups with a hydrocarbon backbone. To an extent, this simplistic structure plays a broad role in various applications ranging from industrial to pharmaceutical uses. Generally, neonates can be exposed to propylene glycol orally or topically. Absorption through oral intake is significantly more effective than on the skin. Once propylene glycol reaches the site of action, it is rapidly metabolized and subsequently excreted (A-Z Index 9). In the blood stream, the half-life of the excipient is approximately 2-4 hours in adults. However, in neonates, it is drastically longer (17 hours). Pertaining to its mechanism of action, it is further metabolized to lactate which is further metabolized to pyruvate, carbon dioxide, and water. Through utilization of the gluconeogenic pathway, glucose is formed. Even though the safety the propylene is apparent, extremely large exposures to propylene glycol have the potential to r esult in lactic acidosis and hyperosmotic changes in the blood (Health Effects 4). Extensive research has provided sufficient evidence on the safety and quality of this excipient. To begin, numerous sources indicate that propylene glycol has a dramatically low degree of toxicity. It is associated with moderately low concern for acute toxicity by ingestion, skin contact, and inhalation. There have been reports of altered nervous system function because of high oral exposure to propylene. Normal metabolism of this excipient can be negatively affected through blood pH and osmotic changes. Furthermore, animal studies also confirm the relative low risk of propylene glycol (Webbook 2). For example, a longitudinal study performed on rodents with extremely high exposures to the excipient presented no indication of adverse effects. Consequently, a similar study performed on cats illustrated hematological changes. High aerosol concentrations inhaled by rats caused minor nasal and ocular signs that may have been due to mild irritation or drying effects of propylene glycol on mucous membranes. On a positive note, there is no correlation to cancer from the use of propylene glycol (AccessMedicine [45774923] 1). Pharmacological Profile of Propylene Glycol Propylene glycol, with a formula C3H8O2, is readily miscible with water, acetone, and chloroform. In reference to its structure, it contains an asymmetrical carbon atom, so it has two enantiomers. Since the commercial product is a racemic mixture, pure optical enantiomers can be achieved by the hydration of optically pure propylene oxide. Upon the mixture of propylene glycol and water, the freezing point of water is drastically depressed. Because of this, it is used as a de-icing fluid for vehicles. With the exception of ethylene glycol, glycols are generally known to be non-corrosive and have low volatility and toxicity. Even with the strict criteria established for pediatrics, propylene glycol satisfies the requirements for safe administration to pediatric patients (A-Z Index 5). Furthermore, it is derived from propylene oxide and its production methods include either catalytic- proceeds at 150  °C to 180  °C in the presence of ion exchange resin or a small amount of sulfuric acid or alkali, or non-catalytic- high-temperature process at 200  °C to 220  °C (IHS Home Page 3). Even though this paper focuses mainly on propylene glycol’s purpose as an excipient in pediatric formulations, it has an overwhelmingly degree of other applications. A certain amount (45%) is used as chemical feedback for the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins. Chemically speaking, propylene glycol reacts with a mixture of unsaturated maleic anhydride and isophthalic acid to give a copolymer. Continuing further crosslinking, thermoset plastics are produced from the unsaturated polymers. Similarly, propylene glycol also reacts with propylene oxide to produce oligomers as well as polymers that are utilized to form polyurethanes (Frequently Asked Questions about Propylene Glycol 2). As proven be multiple research articles, this excipient is proven safe. The extent of safety is measured by plasma concentration: â€Å"Serious toxicity generally occurs only at plasma concentrations over 1 g/L, which requires extremely high intake over a relatively short period of time.† However, there is always an uncertainty and accidental occurrences. For instance, rare cases of propylene glycol poison were largely related to either inappropriate intravenous administration or accidental ingestion of enormously large quantities by children (Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet 9). Conclusion As proven through this research paper, propylene glycol is an effective ingredient for pediatric use. Since there was no established linkage between cancer and its use, it is popular for multiple uses. Several considerations should be utilized in formulating pediatric medications-specifically, the ingredients in the formulation. With its multiple uses, propylene glycol is well-suited for children for its safety and effectiveness. Like all ingredients, propylene glycol may produce adverse effects in the patient, but drastically less harmful than others. Since an enormous quantity must be consumed before toxicity level is reached, it is well suited for children. With viscous properties, upon consumption, it has the potential to elicit a faster therapeutic effect on the patient. Therefore, it is both potent and efficacious. In all, this ingredient proves to be a significant element to the overall formulation of a medication, regardless of the age group targeted (Webbook 5). Bibliography A-Z Index. ATSDR. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=1120tid=240>. Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews. AccessData. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnDetailNavigation.cfm?rpt=scogsListingid=262>. Frequently Asked Questions about Propylene Glycol. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.propylene-glycol.com/uploads/PropyleneGlycolAdvocacybrochure.pdf>. Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet. New Jersey Department of Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/3595.pdf>. Health Effects. ATSDR. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp189-c2.pdf>. InactiveIngredients in Pharmaceutical Products: Update (Subject Review). Peditrics. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/99/2/268.full#sec-11>. Potential Safety Concerns with the Large Amount of Propylene Glycol. Natap. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.natap.org/2000/may/potential_safety051500.htm>. Propylene Glycol. PubChem. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=1030>. Propylene Glycol. Webbook. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C57556Mask=8>. Propylene Glycols. IHS Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.ihs.com/products/chemical/planning/ceh/propylene-glycols.aspx>. Result Filters. National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14524641>. St. Johns University Academics Schools Libraries. AccessMedicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.jerome.stjohns.edu/content.aspx?bookid=348sectionid=40381672jumpsectionID=40400741>. St. Johns University Academics Schools Libraries. AccessMedicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.jerome.stjohns.edu/content.aspx?bookid=388sectionid=45764289jumpsectionID=45774923>. St. Johns University Academics Schools Libraries. AccessMedicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.jerome.stjohns.edu/content.aspx?bookid=392sectionid=41138958jumpsectionID=41168448>. TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR PROPYLENE GLYCOL. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp189.pdf>.

E Health Is Combined Use Of Electronic Information Technology Essay

E Health Is Combined Use Of Electronic Information Technology Essay Health is a major concern for everyone in this world. The implementation of Information and Communication Technologies in the medical field has modified the present definition of health care. It suggested the solution that can benefit both patient as well as health care professionals. eHealth provides solutions in a wide spectrum and it includes various health care products, systems and services. It includes tools for health professionals as well as for patients and citizens. Various services or systems that are covered under eHealth are; health information networks, electronic health records, telemedicine services, Consumer health informatics, Healthcare Information Systems, Health knowledge management. Patients share their health information with their physician in order to improve their health treatment. Patients Information is stored in Electronic Health Record. It has been observed from a survey conducted in Sweden that 95% of all documentation in primary care is made in electronic healthcare records (1). Almost 55% of the Pharmaceutical prescriptions are issued digitally in Sweden and transmitted directly to the pharmacy store (1). The challenging issue which is associated with the eHealth system is the protection of Medical Records. Since the data is transmitted over the network from one place to another so it is suffering from the major security concern. An electronic medical record (EMR) stores personal data which includes medical test results, prescription, hospitalizations, etc. Privacy in the ehealth system can be classified into two categories; Content oriented privacy and contextual privacy (2). So eHealth system can be termed as a secure system if it can deal with both these aspects of privacy. Content oriented privacy indicates the capability or authority of the health care stakeholders in disclosing the patients personal information to other parties (marketing, insurance) whereas contextual privacy indicates the ability of a malicious entity to guess the disease of a patient correctly by identifying the field/domain of his physician. Background In earlier days physicians used to use paper charts for recording the encounters with the patient. Details about medications, lab tests, X-rays etc the patient has taken, needs to be recorded in the chart for future reference. As the medical care became more and more complex, it became tedious for physicians to maintain a good patient record on these paper charts. They needed new technologies to help them to cope up with the increasing needs. With the advancement in the information and communication technologies, the idea of storing the patient records electronically came in around 1960s, when Dr. Lawrence Weed introduced the concept of Electronic Health Record. Weeds innovation allowed a third party to verify the diagnosis to avoid any errors. In 1972, Regenstreif Institute developed first medical record system which combined both inpatient and outpatient data recording (3). Electronic Health Records (EHR) Systems stores the entire health and medical history of a patient in a computerized, electronic format. The record includes the details about patient demographics, progress notes, medications, past medical history, vital signs, laboratory data, immunizations and radiology reports. Keeping these vast records in this organized manner, makes it more efficient to retrieve and maintain, when compared to the paper charts (4). As the medical care and the information technology became more and more complex, it became necessary to share the patient records among the various medical departments like clinical, nursing, laboratory, radiology, hospital administration etc in order to maintain a proper medical record about the patient. When the health records including sensitive data about the patient were shared electronically among the different departments, privacy and security problems became a major challenge to the EHR systems. The recent studies on security and privacy concerns in EHR systems shows that, there is increasing number of threats resulting from the distributed and decentralized implementations of EHR Systems, and also the use of communication over open and insecure internet. Unauthorized accesses, Denial of service are to name a few. Lack of standardization among these systems made it very difficult for the system administrators to implement a secure system (5). Research Problem The main problem associated with an eHealth system is the privacy, security and confidentiality of Electronic Health data (EHD). EHD stores private and sensitive data of the patient and data of EHD is used by physicians, nursing, laboratory, and pharmacy. The publication of personal sensitive data can seriously compromise the patient privacy. Due to this reason many individual does not go for eHealth treatment since they are afraid of the loss of their Health record including information about their illness or disability. In a survey conducted in Canada, it has been found out that 11-13% of Canadians have held back information from a health provider because they were afraid of the privacy of their data (6). In a survey conducted in America, 77% of the population is concerned about their medical information being used for marketing purposes (7). We are trying to figure out the peoples concern about the privacy of their health care record at Stockholm. We will examine the opinion of pu blic regarding the privacy of their health information and accessing eHealth service. Question The research questions drawn from the above problem set are: To what extent, privacy of health care records affects the individuals decision of accessing eHealth service? Are there certain groups of people for whom the privacy is a major issue while accessing the eHealth service? Goal The purpose of conducting this research is to examine the present scenario of the Health care system in Sweden. Research result will be helpful for patient, health care professionals and health care organizations. How the present scenario related to the privacy and the confidentiality of the Health care data is affecting the decision of accessing the eHealth Service. This survey will help to reveal the importance of Security in this field. Method In this section, we presented the description of the research methodology conducted in this paper, followed by the limitations of the research carried out and the reasons of such limitation. Method Description We are going to select inductive reasoning method for our research work. We will draw generalized conclusions from a finite collection of specific observations. Literature Review previous studies: we will study different literatures in the form of research reports and surveys which is conducted on EHR privacy in different parts of the world and then we will identify the present challenges related to patient privacy in Electronic health. Survey: we will formulate a questionnaire based on the identified privacy challenges and conduct a survey among the public to collect data. The questionnaire will be around 10-15 questions which will mainly focus on the awareness of e-health privacy among patients. The sample size for our survey will be around 100-150. Also we are planning to use the facts and figures available in the Internet as a secondary data source for our research. Suggested below are some of samples Do you think that your doctor should be able to access all your medical record in order to provide the best care? Are you willing to share your personal medical information to help government officials to research on disease outbreaks? Do you think that you should be able to access all of your medical records to verify the correctness of the medical record? How concerned are you about your medical records being used by marketing agencies? Formulating the Guidelines: Analyze the data collected, to derive a statistics on the research questions. We will be using IBMs SPSS tool to analyze the data collected and derive the statistics based on it. This statistics will help to find out how much the people are concerned about the privacy in EHR systems. Revising the guidelines: Based on the statistics, draw a conclusion and suggest ways to improve the privacy of patients sensitive data in e-Health. Report writing: The report will be constructed detailing the privacy challenges in EHR system and will point out the feasible suggestions. Limitations Because of the time constraint, the population that we are targeting for this survey includes only undergraduates, graduates, post graduates and post doctoral students (age group 18-35) in KTH (both Main Campus and Kista Campus). We are conducting this survey on limited range of age group, so the result will not include the opinion of elder citizens.

Dell Computers :: Computers History Historical Essays

Dell Computers Dell Computers was founded by Michael Dell, who started selling personal computers out of his dorm room as a freshman at the University of Texas. Michael Dell would buy parts wholesale, assembled them into clones (exact replicas) of IBM computers, and sold them by mail order to customers who did not want to pay the higher prices charged by retailers. Michael Dell was soon making 80,000 dollars a month profit and in 1984 Michael dropped out of university to found Dell Computers. Michael formed in his dorm room the underlying principles, which he would follow throughout the 80’s and 90’s as CEO of Dell Computers. Since their inception in 1982, dell has had a consistent rise in sales. Dells built to order strategy has enabled them to become a very efficient producer of computers and profitable company. The WebPages for dell computers has enabled dell to be able to reduce expenditures and become more efficient in their overall production and distribution of their products. Dell has been the only company to become an efficient maker of computers using the built-to-order system. Dells stock has become increasingly more valuable to investors over the past five years. Dell’s built-to-order strategy has made them successful in growth, development and stock valuation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book â€Å"Direct from Dell† gave a lot of background information on, Dell’s strategy, and mail order system as well as statistics on company sales and growth. The book goes into depth when analyzing Dell’s built-to-order system, and mail order system. The book was written before the WebPages became popular so it talks only about what the company expects from it and not about how the web page has performed. The Charles Shwabb investment web page gave a lot of information, which would suit potential investors on Dell. The web page allowed me to view Dell’s financial statements and analyze just how profitable Dell Computers has been and in which areas they showed the most or least profit. The book â€Å"The Market Share Reporter† gave me information on how much of the market Dell controls for each product they sell and how they compare to other companies. The book has many graphs, and charts to make it easier to see how much co ntrol a particular company has in that area in relation to other competing companies. Selling computers over the Internet enables Dell to become a more efficient distributor of computers.

Human Inequality :: essays research papers

Nothing in life is guaranteed, but there is one thing that we all expect to receive throughout our lifetime. Every human demands to be treated equally in the same manner as the person next to them. This general consensus of modern day was not the norm throughout the history of America. No matter how much we try not to look back upon our obtuse behavior towards particular ethnic groups, what took place cannot be undone. The only positive effect that can be derived from the past is to learn from these mistakes. Less than a century after abolishing what had become a two hundred year old practice of enslaving African Americans, the â€Å"Land of the Free† again displayed its disregard for human equality as Japanese Americans were stripped of their every belonging and sent to internment camps during World War II. The enslavement of African Americans began during a time when the United States was a budding country in the need for cheap labor. In response to this necessity, slave traders would go to various regions within Africa to hunt for the residents who they would then capture and sell. It is mind-blowing to imagine an entire family being taken from their home in chains, only to then be separated never to see one another again. These Africans were not only robbed of their family and home but also their freedom and right to live their own lives. Upon their arrival to America, along with the new title of African Americans, came a new life of cruelty and inhumanity. Their self-respect was the first thing to be disposed of as they were assigned a monetary value when auctioned off like prize cattle. In Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, the author describes the sale of her uncle with, â€Å"Though only ten years old, seven hundred and twenty dollars was paid for him.† This was only the beginning of the slaveholders’ attempt to confiscate any remnant piece of dignity so that the slaves could be more easily oppressed. Slaveholders recognized the potential that knowledge created within a person and thus, kept their slaves as ignorant as possible. Because literacy was not allowed by any means, slaves were deprived of the celebrated joy of a birthday. Douglass describes in Narrative of the Life of an American Slave, slaves’ inability to know their own birthday because there were no authentic records considering nobody was able to read or write.

Dr. John Henry doc Holliday :: essays research papers

On August 14, 1851 in Griffin, Georgia, John Henry Holliday was born to Henry Burroughs and Alice Jane Holliday. Their first child, Martha Eleanora, had died on June 12, 1850 at six months of age. When he married Alice Jane McKay on January 8, 1849, Henry Burroughs was a druggist by trade and, later became a wealthy planter, lawyer, and during the War between the States, a Confederate Major. Church records state: "John Henry, infant son of Henry B. and Alice J. Holliday, received the ordinance of baptism on Sunday, March 21, 1852, at the First Presbyterian Church in Griffin." Alice Jane died on September 16, 1866. This was a terrible blow to young John Henry for he and his mother were very close. To compound this loss, his father married Rachel Martin only three months later on December 18, 1886. Shortly after this marriage, the Holliday family moved to Valdosta, Georgia. Major Holliday quickly became one of the town's leading citizens, becoming Mayor, the Secretary of the County Agricultural Society, a Member of the Masonic Lodge, the Secretary of the Confederate Veterans Camp, and the Superintendent of local elections. Because of his family status, John Henry had to choose some sort of profession and he chose dentistry. He enrolled in dental school in 1870 and attended his first lecture session in 1870-1872. Each lecture session lasted a little over three months. He served his required two years apprenticeship under Dr. L.F. Frank. On March 1, 1872, the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery in Philadelphia conferred the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery upon twenty-six men, one of whom was John Henry Holliday. Upon completion of his training and graduation, Dr. Holliday opened an office with a Dr. Arthur C. Ford in Atlanta in 1872. Then, because of the session of the Southern Dental Association, Dr. Arthur C. Ford, D.D.A. was unable to serve patients, until the middle of August. Taking his place was Doc Holliday. John was a good dentist, but shortly after starting his practice, he discovered that he had contracted tuberculosis. Although he consulted a number of doctors, the consensus of all was that he had only months to live. However, they all concurred that he might add a few months to his life if he moved to a dry climate. Following this advice, Doc packed up and headed West. His first stop was in Dallas, Texas, the end of the railroad at the time. Dr. John Henry doc Holliday :: essays research papers On August 14, 1851 in Griffin, Georgia, John Henry Holliday was born to Henry Burroughs and Alice Jane Holliday. Their first child, Martha Eleanora, had died on June 12, 1850 at six months of age. When he married Alice Jane McKay on January 8, 1849, Henry Burroughs was a druggist by trade and, later became a wealthy planter, lawyer, and during the War between the States, a Confederate Major. Church records state: "John Henry, infant son of Henry B. and Alice J. Holliday, received the ordinance of baptism on Sunday, March 21, 1852, at the First Presbyterian Church in Griffin." Alice Jane died on September 16, 1866. This was a terrible blow to young John Henry for he and his mother were very close. To compound this loss, his father married Rachel Martin only three months later on December 18, 1886. Shortly after this marriage, the Holliday family moved to Valdosta, Georgia. Major Holliday quickly became one of the town's leading citizens, becoming Mayor, the Secretary of the County Agricultural Society, a Member of the Masonic Lodge, the Secretary of the Confederate Veterans Camp, and the Superintendent of local elections. Because of his family status, John Henry had to choose some sort of profession and he chose dentistry. He enrolled in dental school in 1870 and attended his first lecture session in 1870-1872. Each lecture session lasted a little over three months. He served his required two years apprenticeship under Dr. L.F. Frank. On March 1, 1872, the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery in Philadelphia conferred the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery upon twenty-six men, one of whom was John Henry Holliday. Upon completion of his training and graduation, Dr. Holliday opened an office with a Dr. Arthur C. Ford in Atlanta in 1872. Then, because of the session of the Southern Dental Association, Dr. Arthur C. Ford, D.D.A. was unable to serve patients, until the middle of August. Taking his place was Doc Holliday. John was a good dentist, but shortly after starting his practice, he discovered that he had contracted tuberculosis. Although he consulted a number of doctors, the consensus of all was that he had only months to live. However, they all concurred that he might add a few months to his life if he moved to a dry climate. Following this advice, Doc packed up and headed West. His first stop was in Dallas, Texas, the end of the railroad at the time.

9th Grade Biology

Biology Chapter 17 1) 17. 1 Protists are the Most Diverse of All Eukaryotes a. Slide 1: Complex Characteristics of Protists i. Protist 1. eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, a plant, or a fungus ii. Structure iii. Future iv. Examples v. Classification b. Slide 2: Complex Cells/Grouping by Nutrition vi. Heterotroph/Autotrophs vii. How to Group: viii. Animal-Like 2. Protozoans a. animal-like protist; is a heterotroph ix. Fungus-Like x. Plant-Like 3. Algae b. plant-like protist; makes its own food by photosynthesis Read also Lab 2 Biology 2) 17. Protozoans Digest their Food c. Slide 1: Protozoans With Flagella xi. Zooflagellates c. member of a group of protozoans that move by means of one or more flagella 4. Reproduction 5. Giardia 6. Trypanosoma d. Slide 2: Protozoans With Pseudopodia xii. Amoebas: 7. Movement: pseudopodia d. temporary extension of a cell's cytoplasm and plasma membrane; used by certain protozoans in movement and feeding 8. Forarms e. member of a group of marine protozoans with porous shells made of organic material and calcium carbonate   e.Slide 3: Protozoans with Cilia xiii. Paramecium 9. Movement f. Ciliates i. member of a group of protozoans that move and feed by means of hair like projections f. Slide 4: Protozoans Lacking Motility xiv. Apicomplexans (parasites) 10. Plasmodium g. Malaria 3) 17. 3 g. Plasmodia Slime Molds 11. member of a group of fungus-like protists that grows in a branching pattern xv. Cellular Slime Mold 12. protist with both unicellular and multicellular stages in its life cycle; is a decomposer xvi. Plasmodium 13. ember of a group of fungus-like protists that grows in a branching pattern xvii. Sporangia 14. reproductive structures on a plasmodial slime mold; also called fruiting bodies h. Water Molds and Downy Mildews xviii. Water molds xix. Downy mildews 15. Phytophthora Infestans 4) 17. 4 i. Euglenoids 16. member of a group of unicellular photosynthetic protists with one or two flagella and no cell wall xx. Euglena j. Dinoflagellates 17. member of a group of unicellular, photosynthetic algae with cell walls made of cellulose and having two flagella xxi.Plankton 18. mostly microscopic organisms that drift or swim near the surface of ponds, lakes, and ocean xxii. Phytoplankton 19. microscopic algae and cyanobacteria that carry out photosynthesis   xxiii. Zooplankton 20. microscopic animals that swim or drift near the surface of aquatic environments k. Diatoms 21. member of a group of unicellular algae with glasslike cell walls l. Seaweeds 22. a la rge, multicellular marine alga xxiv. Brown Algae xxv. Red Algae xxvi. Green AlgaeGeneral Biology Ii Study Guide (Online Class)

Broken Family Essay

Family is the basic unit of society. This is the most essential component of a country. Governance will only be effective if the citizens are properly oriented with good values and virtues, which is commonly taught by the family. A home is where a family lives. It may be alternated to the word ‘house’ but a house is more appropriately referring to the material structure, whereas ‘home’ refers to the intangible things that bind together the family members. It is the immeasurable love and care that keeps together the mother, father and their children. However, no matter how ideal a family in the terms of their relationship, there are still hardships and misunderstandings that will come along the way. It is just part of any relationship anyway. But, the sad part is when one of the family members gave up and the others have no choice but to accept and let go. Thus, the family starts to be broken. Broken Family is a family with children involved where parents are legally or illegally separated†¦whose parents have decided to go and live their lives separately for several reasons/problems. Too many arguments that might lead to divorce and the parents divide their children. But I believe its mostly cause by drugs or money. Too much money leads to arguments and greediness which causes to forget about love and divorce. Too poor leads to depression and arguments and feels like they have to split up and start over. Drugs messes with someones head and they mostly die or the family leaves that person behind for the cause of the children’s growing. But its not all parents, some teenagers runs away from home, of course, with their own reasoning. Some parent’s children die and it causes them to split. For the cause of the child’s growing, they divorce and find some place else . Or sometimes, its work. Not working too much or a workaholic may lead up for a broken family. Or if someone dies, then of course they’re broken inside the most. Though your answer is very good, I think you miss one detail. Another cause for a broken family, is abuse. Maybe the parents or parent hits the kids, and wife. Or maybe the son hits the parents. I think that is a very big reason in why many family’s are broken. Yes, still there’s one detail also that you may include, when the relatives of each party join to the problem or favors a parties (and sometimes it’s the parents of each party will suggest to them to separate). Or because the husband or wife having an affair. That’s why many FAMILIES break up. maybe one of the reasons of family breake up is the wife is very secretive to his husband for all times, and lack of trust in each parties. And there’s one more if the wife didn’t respect there husband due to high salary compare to a head of the family there will be conflict. And guys lastly Jealousy is one of the big reason why there’s so many BROKEN FAMILY, but its OK if the wife understands the husband feelings and avoid the person that he’ jealous of. But if not we are guys only knows what is the next part of our lives.