Analysis of Amores Perros

Analysis of Amores Perros The Urban Environment of Mexico City, As Presented in Amores Perros Amores Perros represents the feature film directorial debut of Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu and was written by Guillermo Arriaga, the craftsman behind such acclained Hollywood successes as 21 Grams and Babel. It is perhaps no surprise then that this pairing, of inspired passion and experienced creativity, resulted in a film that won 52 of the 69 total awards for which it was nominated world-wide, including the Ariel Award for Best Picture from the Mexican Academy of Film and the Critics Week Grand Prize at the Cannes Film Festival.But it is more than exceptional filmmaking that is responsible for the critical success of this film. Depicting the social and economic stratification of life in modern day Mexico City, Amores Perros exhibits a host of cinematic techniques whose aim is to join form to content in an effort to convey the fractured nature of, and fracturing effects on, the individual a nd the family that life in this particular urban environment creates. The film takes the form of a triptych, (a composition made up of three parts).These three stories represent the three general levels of life in Mexico City. The first story explores what amounts to working class life in Mexico City. It depicts a quality of life determined by and confined within the economic limitations that are a fact of that social sphere. The second story sets itself to convey an upper class life that amounts to little more than a veneer of wealth, while the third story examines both the confined nature and the inherent freedom of the underclass of Mexico City.But, beyond a simple explication of these disparate levels of society in this capital city, the film also strives, by the ways that it intertwines these three stories, to show how these levels of society are both mutually interdependent, and, ultimately, inextricable, one from the other. Story I: The Working Class The first story opens wit h a chaotic car chase, and we’re introduced to one f this story’s two main characters, Octavio, who is driving, and his dog Cofi, who is bloody in the back seat, while Octavio’s friend Jorge desperately attempts to stem the bleeding, as the three flee from gun-toting thugs through the streets of Mexico City. Immediately, the turbulent, life-or-death nature of working class life in this city becomes evident. The chase ends with Octavio barrelling through a red light and plowing into another car. As the story unfolds through flashbacks, we learn that Octavio has decided to give up life as a high school student to enter his dog in the local dogfights.Living at home with his mother, his unstable brother Ramiro, and his brother’s wife Susana and their young infant, Octavio is driven to pursue this illicit activity by his growing infatuation with his brother’s wife, and his desire to run away with Susana and make a life for them. But with no hope that hi s education will bring him a job by which he can support a family, Octavio sees no other choice but to fight his dog for money and hope that his newfound wealth will prove to Susana that he can be the man of a household. His choice here is the clearest summation of the way working class life is depicted in this film.Unable to find a legal avenue to assure a financially stable life, a working class person’s only recourse is to step outside of the law. Octavio’s brother reaches the same conclusion only in a more extreme fashion, as dictated by his sociopathic personality. He moonlights from his job asa supermarket clerk as an armed robber whose crimes eventually get him killed. Prior to that, though, a more subtle indictment of working class life in Mexico City is explored through the burgeoning relationship between Octavio and Susana.Octavio is unable to recognize that he is misreading Susana’s need for the comfort and understanding she is not getting from her hu sband for a reciprocation of his own passion, and so he becomes increasingly attached to the immediate gratification of his desire for connection that Susana represents. Having no reason to hope for the fruitfulness of any long term goals or aspirations, Octavio’s immediate environment has shunt him off into a fixation upon what is immediately attainable—pursuing his brother’s wife and chasing the money and increased social standing that comes with ighting his dog. It comes as no surprise to the viewer, then, that these constraints placed upon him by the particular urban environment in which he lives lead to his downfall. After succeeding wildly through a number of dogfights, Octavio has earned enough money to convince Susana that they can run away together, but he gets greedy and agrees to only last, high-stakes fight against a dog owned by the local gang leader, who has been Octavio’s constant nemesis and antagonist.Octavio descends to his lowest point, though, when at the same meeting where he agrees to this final fight, he contracts with the ringleader of the dogfights to assault his brother, who, as a result, is nearly beaten to death. This choice backfires on Octavio, as Susana is now compelled to flee with her husband, taking with her all the money Octavio and Cofi had won. This shows that working class life in Mexico City often produces in people aims which will only exacerbate their situation. Learning of the betrayal, Octavio is outraged and is forced to scramble together his remaining money to fund the bet of the final fight.At the fight, Cofi once again takes the upper hand against the gang leader’s dog. The thug is prepared for him this time, and pulls out a gun and shoots the dog. As Jorge scrambles to carry the bleeding animal to their car, Octavio lashes out and stabs the gang leader in the gut, initiating the car chase that opens the film. The first story ends on the seminal car crash, and we jump back in tim e again to be introduced to the main characters of the second story, Daniel and Valeria. Story II: Upper Class Life This middle story depicts upper class life in Mexico City in a way that puts its superficiality and frivolousness front and center.If the essence of working class life—its chaotic and dangerous nature—is symbolized by the car chase that opens the film, the fact that the first scene of the second story consists of Valeria, a high fashion model, being interviewed on a morning talk show, pretending to be in a relationship with a soap opera star, is a clear indication of the artificial and cosmetic nature of celebrity life in Mexico City. The problems of the upper class, like those of the working class as explored in the first story, play a central role in the second story, but they are problems of a completely different order.Daniel, a successful magazine editor, is committing adultery with Valeria. Whereas in the first story the father is absent altogether, in this story Daniel’s relative wealth allows him to support both his family and the purchase of an upscale apartment for himself and Valeria. But, as he makes the choice to leave his family for his mistress, the facade of wealth begins to crumble. The veneer-like quality of wealth in Mexico City is conveyed in clear symbolism when, shortly after moving into their new apartment, Valeria puts her foot through the pristine-looking parquet floor.It is conveyed explicitly when, as we learn that it was Valeria who was driving the car Octavio hit in the scene that opened the film and who is now in a wheelchair with a badly fractured leg, Daniel becomes frantic over his financial situation. As it turns out, Valeria had no insurance, and so, between his mortgage, the cost of their new apartment, and Valeria’s medical bills, Daniel begins to doubt his choice to stay with Valeria. But this is where a clear difference between the upper class and the working class, as represented in this film, begins to become obvious.While the actions of the characters in the first story seem almost inevitable due to their economic situation, Daniel’s relative wealth allows him some means of freedom to choose how he is to act. His financial burdens may, and do, create great stress for him, but he has the means to make his decisions upon moral grounds instead of merely upon financial considerations. So whereas Octavio is driven to fight his dog by his need for money in order to possess Susana, Daniel, after flirting with the idea to abandon Valeria and return to his wife, in the end chooses to remain with his new love.He may have revealed his moral weakness by leaving his family in the first place, but he shows some ability to act ethically when he decides to commit himself to his decision to join his life to Valeria’s, instead of leaving her in her time of greatest need. The film conveys this choice as one allowed him, in great part, by his financial situatio n. Story III: El Chivo The third, and final, story explores the life of a member of the upper class, and transigent named El Chivo who works as a hitman for the corrupt police force.Living in squalor with only his dogs as companions, El Chivo represents, by his physical appearance, the decrepit state of members of this class of society in Mexico City. As his story unfolds, though, we learn that his tale is not one of perennial poverty—he is a fallen man. Giving him an origin of normality and respectability conveys the tragic nature of members of this underclass—their current state of abject poverty is a result of flaws in their character. On the contrary, El Chivo left his family to fight in some unnamed ideological quest—he wanted to save the world.Having failed at that, he has fallen in cynicism and exploits the freedom and lack of accountability for his actions that his life on the outskirts of society allows him to become a murderer for hire. His perspective is changed, though, upon seeing the obituary for his wife in the paper. He attends the funeral, slinking on the periphery. When he sees the daughter he chose to leave when she was only a child, he feels compelled to find some measure of redemption that would allow him to become a part of her life again.He gives up his life as a gun-for-hire, bathes and shaves for seemingly the first time in years, and, as he walks off into the proverbial sunset to close the film, the viewer gets a clear sense that El Chivo, contrary to appearances, is the one least constrained by his economic situation. While the characters of the first two stories were driven, in some part, by economic considerations, El Chivo’s greatest desire is to find the moral and ethical ground that would make him worthy of reconnecting with his daughter.While Octavio is driven by immature passion, and Daniel is led by his wandering heart, El Chivo searches for the firm ground of morality upon which to stand. His desi re is only for redemption, and by this desire he is redeemed. Part IV: Greater than the Sum of its Parts Such clear and intricately constructed depictions of the stratified layers of life in Mexico City would amount to little more than three separate stories if they weren’t connected by equally clear and intricate means.The filmmakers were interested not merely in showing these layers in isolation, but in weaving them into a cohesive whole that would mirror the actual situation in this modern city. This is done in several ways, both structurally, and through plot. First, the writer took inspiration for the structure of the film from William Faulkner’s Light in August, which is also told through three loosely connected stories. Amores Perros makes heavy use of flashbacks and flash forwards to intertwine the stories into a single film.The writer also used the technique of hyperlinking, which he exploited in his films 21 Grams and Babel as well. This technique consists of introducing one character slowly, and often mysteriously, over the course of the film, and building up his or her story until it is fully revealed in the final, climatic scenes. This is done with the character El Chivo, and the effect is further enhanced by the director’s choice to shoot the early scenes with El Chivo using a telephoto lens, so that the viewer is kept at a distance from this seminal character.He shows up in each of the first two stories, but it isn’t until it is time to tell his story that the viewer actually is allowed some intimacy with this character. These stories are intertwined through plot as well; namely, through the traumatic experience of the car crash. By the time we get to the third story, we know that it was Octavio who was driving the car responsible for the crash, that it was Valeria who was driving the car that was hit, and that it was El Chivo who was present at the scene to rescue Cofi, who had been left to die on the side of the roa d by the paramedics.As the writer said in the commentary track for the film, â€Å"Crashes are horrible, life-altering events, but they serve to bring people together who otherwise would never have met. † It is trauma that, among other things, connects all three of the layers of society as represented in this film; no one is free from pain. Finally, these three stories are linked thematically. One theme that links all three stories is that of the absentee father. For the working class family, the absence of the father makes no mention—he is just gone.In the second story, we watch as the father decides to leave his family, and in the third, we see the father’s sincere desire to return to his family. This is the most significant emotional arch of the film—the redemption of the father. First, we have the wreckage left behind in the wake of his abandonment, the bitter nature of the brothers Octavio and Ramiro, a pain whose source is buried deep under the surf ace. Then we see the crime being committed, as Daniel leaves his family, and the viewer is allowed to feel the anger and outrage produced by the father’s abandonment, and, more importantly, we can link that pain to its proper cause.Finally, we are positioned within the perspective of the father, El Chivo, and are allowed to feel his own pain and experience the authenticity of his own desire to atone for abandoning his family. It is this progression that, ultimately, drives this film. A theme closer to the surface, and more sentimental in nature, which also connects these three stories, is a love of dogs. Cofi is Octavio’s best friend and is responsible for whatever pleasure his master is able to gain from his surroundings through being forced to participate in dog fighting. The dog Richie is Valeria’s constant companion.He falls into the hole in the floor that Valeria accidently created and is trapped under the floor of the couple’s apartment for the bett er part of their story. With Valeria languishing in the hospital after having suffered a thrombosis, Daniel, in the penultimate scene of the second story, decides to tear up the floor to rescue the dog. As he pulls Richie out of the hole he has created, his is symbolically rescuing his and Valeria’s relationship. Finally, El Chivo’s dogs are his best friends and, until he rediscovers his desire to be with his family, they are the only connection he has left to his humanity.His humanity is put to the test when, after rescuing Cofi from the aftermath of the crash and nursing him back to health, Cofi kills every last one of his dogs. He moves to kill Cofi in retaliation, to act out an impotent and meaningless revenge. But, because he has seen his daughter at his wife’s funeral, his humanity has already begun to awaken and he is compelled to let Cofi live, so that he is there with El Chivo, man and man’s best friend, to walk off into the sunset that brings on the closing credits. In the American release, the film’s title was translated as, â€Å"Love is a bitch. This title is in some ways relevant to the movie—none of the characters manage to find unqualified happiness. But, according to Wikipedia, the director gave an interview to NPR where he expressed dissatisfaction with the use of this English idiom as the title for his film. For him, â€Å"Amores† expresses everything that is good about life, while â€Å"Perros† expresses life’s wretchedness. In this sense, the title could be viewed as meaning, â€Å"Sometimes you win, sometimes you lose,† which captures the highs and lows that each set of characters experiences.

Mixed Schools Is the Optimum

Mixed Schools is the optimum Coeducation or mixed-gender education is the integrated education of male and female students in the same environment, while unisex education is the education where male and female students attend in separate classes or in separate buildings or schools. In the past, mixed schools were not acceptable, but by the time it became popular. Mixed schools are better for students socially, and it also develops their educational skills and psychological things.Parents recommend mixed schools because it develops many skills for the kids. Mixed schools make students get used to the social life. Supporters of the unisex schools believe that the school is not a place for developing your social life skills, but just for studying. Also, some parents do not want their children to be in mixed school because at certain ages, students of the opposite sex can be a distraction. However, the best place that helps children to get ready for the real social life is the school. St udents in single-sex classrooms will one day live and work side-by-side with members of the opposite sex. Educating students in single-sex schools limits their opportunity to work cooperatively and co-exist successfully with members of the opposite sex† (Stanberry, 2009). It's so important to have friends from both sides of the fence. â€Å"You would never find a workplace with only females, so this prepares you for the outside world much better† (Davidson, 2003).According to the Education International, statistics indicated that mixed schools students have recorded the highest success rate. People who believe that unisex schools are the best say that mixed schools distract students’ attention. On the other hand, the researchers conducted extensive interviews with individual students and found excellent students do not get distracted. In the 1960s and 70s, Dale reported (1969, 1971, 1974) that boys, girls and teachers were happier in co-educational secondary scho ols, and boys did better academically within them. Professor Analia Schlosser, an economist from the Eitan Berglas School of Economics at Tel Aviv, found that elementary school, co-ed classrooms with a majority of female students showed increased academic performance for both boys and girls† (Schlosser, 2006). In high school, the classrooms with the best academic achievement were consistently those that had a higher percentage of girls. Moreover, mixed schools will provide creative environment because both genders think differently so that they could share information and get more experience to come up with better results. We often hear of things like boys and girls learn differently, but the biology of learning is exactly the same† (Halpern, 2002) On the psychological side, students in the mixed schools feel as they were one family. Some parents who support the unisex schools think that their children get affected psychologically because they get shy from the opposite s ex. However, children must get used to deal with the opposite sex to get more social skills and feel comfortable when dealing with the opposite sex.Males and females who do not regularly interact with each other are likely to entertain stereotypical beliefs about the other sex. To sum up, boys studying in mixed schools become kind and not aggressive because they deal with the soft gender. Both genders also become in a good psychological conditions. Students also feel free in mixed schools because they feel as they were in their home. Mixed schools provide better environment and atmosphere for the students. Students studying in mixed schools get common with members of the opposite sex.Also, these schools provide the students with an environment that helps them to share ideas and become experienced. Dealing with the opposite sex makes you feel free because you deal with each other as relatives. Works Cited Davidson, M. (2003). Single-sex and mixed schools. Ms Davidson. Halpern, D. (20 02). Diane Halpern. Schlosser, A. (2006). Mixed schools. Analia Schlosser. Stanberry, K. (2009). Single-sex education. Kristin Stanberry. Dale, A. and Egerton, M. with Joshi, H. and Davies, H. (1997) Highly Educated Women: Evidence from the national child development study, DfEE (HMSO, London). Mixed Schools Is the Optimum Mixed Schools is the optimum Coeducation or mixed-gender education is the integrated education of male and female students in the same environment, while unisex education is the education where male and female students attend in separate classes or in separate buildings or schools. In the past, mixed schools were not acceptable, but by the time it became popular. Mixed schools are better for students socially, and it also develops their educational skills and psychological things.Parents recommend mixed schools because it develops many skills for the kids. Mixed schools make students get used to the social life. Supporters of the unisex schools believe that the school is not a place for developing your social life skills, but just for studying. Also, some parents do not want their children to be in mixed school because at certain ages, students of the opposite sex can be a distraction. However, the best place that helps children to get ready for the real social life is the school. St udents in single-sex classrooms will one day live and work side-by-side with members of the opposite sex. Educating students in single-sex schools limits their opportunity to work cooperatively and co-exist successfully with members of the opposite sex† (Stanberry, 2009). It's so important to have friends from both sides of the fence. â€Å"You would never find a workplace with only females, so this prepares you for the outside world much better† (Davidson, 2003).According to the Education International, statistics indicated that mixed schools students have recorded the highest success rate. People who believe that unisex schools are the best say that mixed schools distract students’ attention. On the other hand, the researchers conducted extensive interviews with individual students and found excellent students do not get distracted. In the 1960s and 70s, Dale reported (1969, 1971, 1974) that boys, girls and teachers were happier in co-educational secondary scho ols, and boys did better academically within them. Professor Analia Schlosser, an economist from the Eitan Berglas School of Economics at Tel Aviv, found that elementary school, co-ed classrooms with a majority of female students showed increased academic performance for both boys and girls† (Schlosser, 2006). In high school, the classrooms with the best academic achievement were consistently those that had a higher percentage of girls. Moreover, mixed schools will provide creative environment because both genders think differently so that they could share information and get more experience to come up with better results. We often hear of things like boys and girls learn differently, but the biology of learning is exactly the same† (Halpern, 2002) On the psychological side, students in the mixed schools feel as they were one family. Some parents who support the unisex schools think that their children get affected psychologically because they get shy from the opposite s ex. However, children must get used to deal with the opposite sex to get more social skills and feel comfortable when dealing with the opposite sex.Males and females who do not regularly interact with each other are likely to entertain stereotypical beliefs about the other sex. To sum up, boys studying in mixed schools become kind and not aggressive because they deal with the soft gender. Both genders also become in a good psychological conditions. Students also feel free in mixed schools because they feel as they were in their home. Mixed schools provide better environment and atmosphere for the students. Students studying in mixed schools get common with members of the opposite sex.Also, these schools provide the students with an environment that helps them to share ideas and become experienced. Dealing with the opposite sex makes you feel free because you deal with each other as relatives. Works Cited Davidson, M. (2003). Single-sex and mixed schools. Ms Davidson. Halpern, D. (20 02). Diane Halpern. Schlosser, A. (2006). Mixed schools. Analia Schlosser. Stanberry, K. (2009). Single-sex education. Kristin Stanberry. Dale, A. and Egerton, M. with Joshi, H. and Davies, H. (1997) Highly Educated Women: Evidence from the national child development study, DfEE (HMSO, London).

Prince Tennis Essay

Prince Sports is a leading tennis supplier in the international market. They have many products including racquets, bags, apparel and other accessories. They are leaders in innovation in tennis and have invented new racquet technology. Prince is excellent at catering to all types of tennis players, from juniors to professionals and everyone in-between. An environmental force that will work for Prince is the continuing growth of the population. The population is expected to continue growing which will provide opportunity for all markets. The boom in technology in the 21st century has created an atmosphere where anyone can have access to information at any time. The quality and quanity of information on the web today is better than ever. Smith is now able to use social networking tools, there is more advertising opportunity to communicate with their customers. As stated in the text, there is a large growth in tennis participation in recent years. â€Å"Tennis participation in the United States was up 43 percent- the fastest growing traditional individual sport in the country,† says Nick Skally, a senior marketing manager for Prince. With increasing globalization competetors in the tennis industry could pose a future challenge for Prince. If Prince continues expanding in the global market place, especially if they sell to un-developed countries, they may have the threat of increased taxation, inflation or high exchange rates. It is important that they choose wisely where they globally market their product. Prince is in a great position because there is an increase in playing tennis as a sport. To continue the growth of the tennis industry in the US Prince should continue placing advertisements in stores like Wal Mart and Target, where they sell their products. They could also run more television commercials, and internet advertisements showing people having fun playing tennis with Prince gear. Promotional activities Prince could use to reach recreational players could include coupons for Prince tennis equipment in  the newspaper or catalogs. They could host a charity fund raiser event at a facility with tennis courts, and give out freebies like t-shirts, and water bottles. Prince could place advertisements in popular adult sport magazines. Promotional activities to reach junior tennis players could include marketing on common social networking sites like facebook and twitter. Kids generally watch a lot of tv and pay attention to tv, televison commercials showing high level juniors having a great time with their Prince gear could be a good promotional strategy. Running an event geared towards junior tennis players to try out Prince rackets could be a great way to promote Prince’s junior brand as well. To gain distribution and sales in mass merchandisers like Target and Wal Mart Prince could have point of purchase displays in the sporting sections. Large advertisements in the store, coupons for Prince products. It is important to keep prices reasonable in large retail stores because chances are there will be other tennis options that are reasonably priced as well. In specialty tennis shops Prince could provide demo rackets, posters, detailed catalogs, information on racquets and strings. They could distribute other accessories to shops like bags, and sneakers. They could run deals at certain times, like if a customer spends a certain amount of money of Prince products, they receive a complimentary Prince bag. Prince could advertise their product in local newspapers or magazines, so that consumers know their product is available at specialty shops. In evaluating new countries to aggressively market their products it is important to evaluate each market’s trade barriers like tariffs and quotas. These barriers could make the Prince product too expensive in certain countries and limit their exports. It is also important to understand the culture when considering countries to distribute to. If Prince’s products don’t suit a certain culture it is best not to select that country. Understanding the legal system of countries being considered is important as well. There are lack of civil, commercial and criminal codes in many countries, that Prince probably would not want to expose their company to. Countries that Prince may consider agressivley marketing in are, Canada, United Kingdom, and Brazil. Once Prince decided upon countries to market in, depending on the countries atmosphere, they could place ads on billboards and in stores  that carry their product. Advertisements on popular television channels and radio stations could be helpful in getting the brand seen as well. A great marketing strategy in other countries could be to sponser tennis players from those countries with Prince equipment. Then consumers in those markets would relate to the brand on a more personal level. The Prince marketers are concerned with staying ahead of the curve and constantly learning and studying the market. They have covered all bases in the tennis market with their junior, recreational and performance lines. Prince is headed in a positive direction and is planning on continuing to expand and thrive in the global tennis market, with their quality, specialty equipment and the continuing increase of consumer interest in tennis. References Kerin, R., & Hartley, W. (2013). Marketing (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

The Bio-Ecological Model of Human Development Research Paper

The Bio-Ecological Model of Human Development - Research Paper Example It is a model that traces the development of an individual throughout the life course of an individual. It is with this genesis that a summary of the four systems and their influence on the development of a child will be evaluated. Consequently, the differences existing in the model with be delineated and the factors outside the model that influence that development of a child discussed. Moreover, the relationship and interactions of the systems will be delineated in bid to address the impact of the relationships in the development of a child. The Bio-ecological model and its related research designs is an evolving theoretical system for the scientific study of human development from the perspective of individuals and groups. This paper will be aimed at addressing the thesis statement: Bioecological model has a significant role in a child’s development (Berns, 2009). Summary of the Four Systems and the Influences that they have on a Child’s Development To place the bioe cological theory of human development in its wider context, it is important to note that many of the perspectives postulated as a body of the theory are integral parts of other relevant thoughts on empirical enquiry into the concept of human development. ... lly its interdisciplinary and integrative approach to development through the age periods of childhood and adolescence is important in formulation of policies and programs necessary in promoting youth and family development. The bioecological model aims at unifying the research studies that have been conducted and affirms that the development of an individual is influenced by four ecological systems. This includes: macrosystem, microsystem, mesosystem and exosystem. These four systems interact in a manner that shapes the development of an individual throughout the life course. These systems work in harmony in shaping the intra-individuality of a child, depending on the contexts in which the child is exposed to. In order to garner an in depth understanding of the bioecological model, each system will be reviewed and its influence on child development explained in bid to address the thesis that the bioecological system influences the development of a child (Bronfenbrenner, & Morris, 20 06). Microsystem: is the initial context (primary) which the child is exposed to at the first stages of his development. It entails the interpersonal relationships that the child experiences during development as the child interacts with the social and physical aspects of context. The microsystem is the layer closest to the child encompassing all the structures in direct contact with the child. It therefore defines the relationships and interactions that a child develops within its immediate surroundings. These factors either enhance or inhibit the development of the child. Being the initial development environment, it also influences the development of the child in other subsequent environments. The micro environment includes the child’s family, school, peers and religious activities

Analyse the extent to which the rules of standing and the grounds of Essay

Analyse the extent to which the rules of standing and the grounds of judicial review have struck the right balance between helpi - Essay Example The law of standing  comprises  rules that determine, whether the remedy seeker is a bonafide person or is he legally empower to initiate legal proceeding against the defendant. We have noticed that in private matters, it is very difficult for the victims to seek justice due to lack of legal resources and the hefty cost involves in initiating legal course of action against the party at fault. Hence, visible hurdles for the litigants in the matter of public interest are there2. Public interest litigation may be common in the developed countries, but it seldom seen in the developing countries due to cost incurs on public interest litigation. Enforcement of public right most often requires due role of public bodies in administrating and implementing such functions e.g. health, safety, security or the environment. There is a difference between the public interest litigation and the private interest litigation. In the UK legal system, there is a body of common law and the statutes whi ch revolves around the exceptions with regard to the rule of standing that lacks the protection of public right3. In the mentioned legal system, judicial review is exercised under RSC, order 53 to ensure judicial control over administrative action. The matter of each and every judicial review is a decision that made by some authorized person or persons is/are called decision maker/makers. They have the right to take the decision or refuse to take the decision4. It is (Judicial review) by all standards different from an appeal. The clear distinction is that appeal can be filed in the appellate jurisdiction by the petitioner provided the judgment of the subordinate court did not touch upon the legal or technical aspects of the case whereas the judicial review is connected with the legal aspect of the decision only or the specified act5. Judicial Review Judicial review has the strong relationship with the powerful executives in terms of accountability. It is the constitutional obligati ons of the judiciary to control the misuse of power of the executives. Of course, executives do not like the judicial review against the backdrop of unbridled discretionary powers they are being enjoyed. On the other hand, judiciary encourages the law abiders and the rules comply with executives to carry out their jobs without any fear or favour. In the presence of strong judiciary, the executives should not comply with the illegal orders of their superiors6. In the English legal system, everybody is accountable to his or her deeds. It is the essence of the cited legal system that the actions or the decisions of the executives are subject to judicial review by judges in order to ensure that their actions or decisions are in accordance with law. Further, the judges have the authority to examine the suggested changes in the legislative structure whether they are in line with the constitutional requirement. Judicial review is utmost important keeping in mind the â€Å"power corrupts a nd absolute power corrupts absolutely â€Å". From the aforementioned contents, it is clear that the basic responsibility to address the legal lacunas in the decisions of

Week 6 disc Tchaikovsky Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 6 disc Tchaikovsky - Assignment Example Apart from the sound of the fire cannons, there are also sounds of what appears to be fireworks, usually used to exhibit a celebratory mood. Probably one of the reasons why Tchaikovsky’s compositions have continued in popularity in the contemporary society is that is it portrays the themes of war that were experienced in the early 1800’s: His compositions i.e. the 1812 Overture exhibits both sadness and joy that were associated with the war. Perhaps, his compositions have continued to gain popularity owing to the fact that they remind the contemporary populace the history of war. Currently, â€Å"Only in America†, a song that was composed by Brooks and Dunn in 2004, just before the 9/11 terrorist attack, has been considered one of the most nationalistic and patriotic songs in the contemporary world. Its popularity can also be attributed to the fact that it was used during the re-election of George W. Bush during this

Mericn Independent Cinem - Hollywood vs. the Independent Essay

Mericn Independent Cinem - Hollywood vs. the Independent - Essay Example Prticulrly, the discussion will be mde on the blurring of Independent nd Hollywood films fter 1990th. n insight into this importnt theme is mde through the discussion of few books where this subject is well developed nd hs gined considerble scholrly ttention mong film experts, diplomtic historins, nd culturl critics. When speking of independent cinem, it is needed to sy tht these re independent compnies supplemented with independent productions, mde with smll budgets nd often independently of the studio corportion. Movies mde in this mnner typiclly emphsize high professionl qulity in terms of cting, directing, screenwriting, nd other elements ssocited with production, nd lso upon cretivity nd innovtion. These movies usully rely upon criticl prise or niche mrketing to grner n udience. Becuse of n independent film's low budgets, successful independent film cn hve high profit-to-cost rtio, while filure will incur miniml losses, llowing for studios to sponsor dozens of such productions in ddition to their high-stkes releses (Glncy, 1999) While most of the world thinks of "independent cinem" (if the world thinks of it t ll) s being synonymous with tony imports or nything with the sobriquet "Trntino- esque," industry types know the truth is more elusive. Once upon time, when John Cssvetes moonlit from his studio dy jobs by mking msterpieces like Womn Under the Influence, independent cinem signified work tht ws estheticlly nd finncilly t remove from Hollywood. Indeed, independent film t its best is still ggressively, pssiontely, cretively driven nd originl. Films such s Crouching Tiger, Hidden Drgon; Requiem for Drem; Before Night Flls; You Cn Count on Me; or Chuck & Buck hve ll becme populr nd wide-spred mong udience. None of the Independent Spirit nominees re derivtive of commercil product. None re formulic or minstrem in their ppel. Low-budget works like George Wshington, Everything Put Together, Our Song or Urbni, ll Spirit wrd nominees, hve even less resemblnce to minstrem studio filmmking. Ech of these films ws produced for less thn $500,000 (Shuoguang 1999)hey del with subjects tht include homophobi, SIDS, poverty nd issues of socil clss, rce nd mrginlity. They focus on fricn-mericn, Ltin nd gy protgonists. nlysts of the doom- nd-gloom persusion would undoubtedly mke the point tht these films ll hd or will hve limited thetricl relese, tht the bigger, more commercil independent films hve been crowding out the rchetypl low-budget, "truly" independent films. It's true tht indie works re relesed on hundreds, even thousnds of screens, thus relegting smller films to just few theters. But tht ws lwys true. Pessimists would lso sy tht the competitiveness in the thetricl mrketplce, the number of releses fighting for exhibition, forces most low-budget films to go directly to video--but ctully there re twice s mny inde pendent distribution compnies now s there were five yers go, which mkes it more likely tht greter number of films will find thetricl relese, however brief. The trnsformtion of independent cinem into mrketing strtegy known s "indie film" during the pst decde hs been widely noted, but even insiders wonder wht it ll mens. One thing is cler: The blurring of lines between the studios nd their indie nlogues ffects both cmps. t

The Legalization of Marijuana and Its effects in the Economy Research Paper

The Legalization of Marijuana and Its effects in the Economy - Research Paper Example On the other hand, the costs in terms of increase in crime rates, health and mortality rates due to increased addiction to Marijuana and other drugs, loss of quality of life and social and psychological affliction are immense. The paper concludes with the understanding that legalization should only be limited to medicinal purposes and not completely just as a total remedy for providing the US economy a boost. Marijuana has a long legal history in the United States and has always been in the centre of controversies for a long time. The debate related to marijuana stems from the lawful use of marijuana for medicinal purposes or as a recreation drug. During the early 1900s, marijuana became a prohibited drug in many states of America (Deitch, 2003). According to Deitch, after the formation of the Uniform State Narcotic Drug Regulation, marijuana was put under prohibition in all the states of the United States of America. After the 1970s, there was a wide uproar to remove the prohibition on Marijuana and legalize the sale of medical marijuana. This attempt led to a widespread debate among the different factions about the legalization of marijuana. Legalization of Marijuana was a subject of additional controversy after it was argued that with if drug is made legal; the economy of a state could flourish because of the excise duty that would be imposed on it. This sparkled further debate with re gard to marijuana as it is very difficult to understand whether the benefits of legalizing marijuana would be higher than the negative effects that this legalisation may bring about. Hence, the legalization of marijuana has become a very controversial topic in the United States of America. This has resulted in two different schools of thought, the pro marijuana legalization group and the anti marijuana legalization group. The group that favours the legalization of marijuana include the Physician’s Association for AIDS care and the National Cancer Foundation as it comes in very useful to help the terminally ill patients. The Drug Enforcement Agency and the police force are against the legalization for marijuana for they strongly believe that there would be an increase in the crime rate, once this drug is legalized. 1.2 Problem Statement Will legalizing Marijuana in the United States will benefit the economy and society? 1.3 Objectives of the Study The aim of this study is to u nderstand the impact of legalization of marijuana from an economic perspective. In light of the controversial and debatable process of legalization, it is necessary to understand the different pros and cons of each side of argument. This study would explore all different aspects that

Management week 8 Dis Board Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management week 8 Dis Board - Article Example en a team or a group of people need to move towards a specific direction, feedback can be used to help determine the required changes so as to enhance performance. Thirdly, positive feedback helps in developing the required skills to succeed in a given task by creating good understanding. Finally, when positive feedback is given, it goes a long way showing others that they are valued. This way, they will see the need to continue performing optimally or make the required changes that will enhance their performance. Positive motivation has helped me in several work situations. One of such situations was when I was working on a report on the new changes that were required to make the team in my area of work to improve its output and productivity. Having spent a lot of time doing the draft, I kept doubting if it would be accepted. Hiver, after presenting the initial report and getting positive feedback that I was in the right track, I was very motivated. I went ahead to come up with a very concrete and good final

United States Ambassador’s Speech to the United Nations Essay Example for Free

United States Ambassador’s Speech to the United Nations Essay Ladies and gentlemen and citizens of the world, my name is Susan Rice and I am honored to speak to you today. Our countries, which all embrace the United Nations’ quest for worldwide peace and stability, face many challenges that we can and must solve together. My nation, the United States of America, is prepared and determined to act constructively, responsibly and morally to contribute toward the realization of our shared goals. The United States of America has recently chosen a new and hopeful president who has bold, optimistic, and pragmatic ideas for his country and for our world. I am fortunate and privileged to have known and worked closely with Mr. Obama for the last several years, and I am honored that he nominated me for this post within this eminent organization. Working closely with all of you, I will strive to reflect and embody our country’s renewed principles of fairness, justice, respect for human rights, and love of freedom. Our individual homelands and our world as a whole face daunting challenges as we gather here today. Economic turmoil, security threats, political instability and human rights violations weigh on all our minds and on the minds of our respective countrymen. Let me assure each of you, and the people of your country by extension, that we are intent on charting a hopeful new path that will benefit us all. The United States is proud of our history of doing what’s right for our country and for the world of peace-loving nations as a whole. We believe that the vast majority of our actions over our more than 200 years have been just and beneficial for the free world. However, we know that our record is not perfect. Our new administration is committed to righting recent wrongs and working with our United Nations counterparts to face and conquer the issues and challenges that confront us today. I want to lay out some broad concerns and objectives that we believe must be addressed and confronted for the benefit of all our nations. Let me quote our United Nations charter. It â€Å"gives the Security Council primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security† (United Nations, 2009). As we all know, that objective is never easy to attain. As a permanent member of the Security Council, the United States holds a precious and weighty leadership role in helping to keep our world safe from those elements and regimes that plot every day against freedom and its enduring principles. We steadfastly and clearly say to those rogue elements that our nation and our allies cannot afford and will not allow your efforts to succeed. This body has the obligation and the ability to impose sanctions on those countries and factions that are intent on assailing peace and freedom. Within that framework for peace and worldwide security, the cessation of nuclear proliferation will continue to be an unyielding quest. We will strive to lower the number of nuclear weapons that exist across the world and we will tirelessly seek to thwart the development and deployment of nuclear warhead delivery systems. More specifically, let me address another security issue that threatens all our countries, directly or indirectly. Political instability is a major problem within many countries, particularly those who are engaged with us today, on their soil, in the fight against terrorism. Let me quote Mr. Obama directly as he engages our enemies of freedom. Our president stated yesterday â€Å"Let me be clear: Al-Qaida and its allies†¦are in Pakistan and Afghanistan and we have a clear and focused goal to disrupt, dismantle and defeat (them)† (C-Span, 2009). In that vein, let me also assure each of your nations that our country will not engage in cruel or tortuous practices on any of the combatants that we capture and detain. Let me close by stating that United States foreign policy goals are consistent and congruent with the stated goals of the United Nations. We are honored, one nation in a sea of many, to contribute to the well-being and security of our world. References C-SPAN. (2009, March 27). C-span. org. United Nations. (2009, March). un. org.

Prevent From Engaging In Premarital Sex Theology Religion Essay

Prevent From Engaging In Premarital Sex Theology Religion Essay In Malaysia, premarital sex is still a big NO-NO in our culture for various reasons. Sex comes with responsibility. Thus it does not matter if it is premarital sex, extra-marital sex, marriage sex or even unconsented sex. If you engage in premarital sex, be prepared to take all consequences including dealing with your God, pregnancy, the potential gossips and condemnations from the world, etc. Sexuality is not an instrument of enjoying lustful pleasure for human beings, at least. In premarital sex, many a times, immature human beings explore the sexuality, jut out of curiosity, and might be are unaware of the consequences. Society has forbid premarital sex from the very outlook that adolescence is the time to form oneself as mature and responsible human being and not at all a time to procreate. We have to start saying No! to premarital sex. We should keep in mind that engaging in premarital sex is not the best way to convey your love towards the one you loved. We should push the thought to the back of our minds and remember that we would definitely feel sorry later if we engaged in premarital sex. One of the ways to prevent premarital sex is to start from education. Sex education should begin at home and as early as possible in a childs life. The parents must have a close relationship with the child to make him feel comfortable to talk about his anxiety and concerns. From the healthy discussion between the parents and the child, the topic of premarital sex can be brought up easily. The parents may give the child piece of advice on dealing with the relationship between couples. Keep an open mind and be ready to answer any questions openly and honestly. Learning the truth about sex is much better then learning false info from peers. The parents have to help their child when their child is in a relationship. The parents should not get panic and freak out when their child is in a relationship. They should help the child in avoiding temptation. For example, the child can go on supervised group dates and invite the partner over when an adult is home where premarital sex is less likely to happen. One-to-one time with the partner alone should be strongly discouraged as this may lead to unwanted accidents to happen. The child should be aware of the serious consequences of premarital sex such as unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS. Currently, there is no known cure for AIDS. Though most parents may know this information, keep it in mind when discussing sexual behaviours with children. Educate your children with this information. It may mean life or death. Luckily, parents are not the sole providers of sex education. Schools can lend a hand by helping parents teach children about sex. Both of them should work hand in hand in handling this problem. The children and teenagers should be taught to protect themselves from premarital sex. They must understand that nobody can force them to do anything that they feel not comfortable with. They must realise how important it is to respect themselves, not using their bodies to fulfil the sexual desires of their partner. The school and the parents should tell the children to say No! firmly. The teenagers must remember, If you dont walk away, you will be sorry. The teenagers should strictly refrain themselves from reading, listening or viewing to those unsavoury media culture such as pornography and movies with sexual scene. Instead, they should choose something which is pure and healthy. For instance, they can involve in various healthy activities and sports which can build up their self-esteem. They should draw a line wisely to set limit on the expressions of affections. The girls should never give out false signals by wearing tight and revealing clothes which may cause them to fall into sexual immorality. The boys should always refrain themselves from making any rash decisions and they should always think of the consequences they may face after involving in sexual immorality. You must lead your heart rather than letting it to lead you. The teenagers should always be careful about the uses of alcoholic beverages. They may lose their inhabitations under the influence of the alcohols. If the couples find themselves uncomfortable with the intimate situation, they must do something that breaks the mood. It is difficult to avoid premarital sex from happening, but with a bit more effort it will become easier. Never compromise to your principles and say No! firmly to premarital sex. Conclusion Is premarital sex good or bad? Well actually, that depends on us to decide it. We can tell that premarital sex is against God, and it is unsafe physically and emotionally. Although sex is pleasurable, it is designed by God to be enjoyed by two married people. Sex is a holy gift from God wherein we celebrate it after marriage. A person should think long and hard before involving in premarital sex. Premarital sex seems to be a norm in nowadays. This should not be allowed among the teenagers. They should be aware of the bad sides of premarital sex. In a pleasure of a moment, they are being blinded by the sexual desire. In the moment of lust and passion, their future is destroyed. In the moment of foolishness and self-gratification, they will fall into the dark abyss. Sexual desire is like a fire and wont stop until it burns itself. Sex is for married couples and when done out of marriage it cause a lot of harm to the doers. The effects are not immediate but later in life they are devastating. The scars of premarital sex are painful and difficult to get rid of. They will leave an indelible mark in your life and it will always follow you even in your marriage. They will shame you, degrade you and interfere with your life. Imagine meeting your previous sex partners whilst with your husband and children. How would you feel? You will wish to hide but youll have no place to do so. So, think about it before it is too late. Premarital sex should strictly be banned from teenagers life. Parents have great responsibilities in educating their children about the essence of marriage and proper sex education should be given to the children. Parents should make an endeavour in teaching their children about sex, letting them know that it can be pleasurable, but there are so many risks involved sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS and HIV, and unwanted pregnancy all which can be prevented. The teenagers will be in matured mind. As a result, the teenagers will know that marriage is not only about having sex, but having a harmonious family and a heavy responsibility as well. Teenagers should always keep in mind that, if a boy or girl truly loves you, they will want the best for you. They will not want you to suffer fear of disease, unwanted pregnancy and the psychological difficulties of premarital sex. They will want to experience love with you only in the very best place of all the love nest of marriage. So, say No! to premarital sex before it is too late.

Activity Cycle Diagram And The Condition Specification Computer Science Essay

Activity Cycle Diagram And The Condition Specification Computer Science Essay Many descriptive and symbolic techniques for representation of the simulation of a model are present in literature. Some of these techniques are better with one model while not better with the representation of the other one. Two most important techniques for representation of model simulation are known as Activity Cycle Diagram and the Condition specification. The activity cycle diagram (ACD) has been used an ideal technique to represent a model. The technique is based on Tochers idea of stochastic gearwheels (quoted in Paul et al 1993. The ACD represents the activities of a model with its entities by composing their life cycles. The entity could be a passive state as Queue or an active state as activity. The Queue and activity are represented in ACD with specific symbols. Part A Specification of the model domain A part enters a cell where it is first loaded onto machine 1. After this operation the part is either loaded immediately on to machine 2, or if that machine is busy, it is moved to a buffer area. After the operation on machine 2, the part leaves the system. All movements are carried out by a robot. The entities in the system and their possible states. A part Enters into cell Loaded into machine Move to buffer if machine is busy Leaves the machine after operation by machine 2 Machine 1 One in number First in activity No waiting for part to enter in machine 1 Machine 2 One in number Second or Third in activity No waiting or waiting for part to enter in machine 2 A Robot Moves a part from position zero to machine 1 Moves a part from machine 1 to machine 2 or to buffer zone if machine 2 is busy Moves a part from buffer zone to machine 2 when machine 2 is ready. A buffer area Stores a part when machine 2 is busy Dont store a part if machine 2 is ready Move a part from buffer area to machine 2 when machine 2 is ready Classes of Entities Permanent entities stay in system ; Machine 1 Machine 2, Robot Temporary entities that move through the system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Part, Buffer zone 1.2 The Activity Cycle Diagram for each of the entities. Part Part Leave Machine 2 Machine 2 Machine 1 Enter into Machine 1 If machine 2 is busy Buffer zone When Machine 2 is ready Figure 1 The Part Part Machine 2 Machine 1 Accepts part Move part to machine 2 If machine 2 is ready Move part to buffer zone if machine 2 is busy Buffer zone Figure 2 Machine 1 Buffer zone Machine 2 Machine 1 Accepts a part from machine 1 Send Part out of When Machine 2 is ready machine 2 Part Final Position If machine 2 is busy Accepts a part from buffer When Machine 2 become ready Figure 3 Machine 2 Machine 2 Part Position zero Machine 1 Moves part Moves part from machine 1 Moves part out of machine 2 From position to machine 2 Part Final Position Zero to machine 1 If machine 2 is busy Moves part from machine 1 to buffer zone When Machine 2 is ready Moves part from buffer zone to machine 2 Buffer zone Figure 4 A Robot Machine 1 Machine 2 Receives part from machine 1 to buffer zone If machine 2 is busy Send part to machine 2 when Machine 2 is ready Buffer zone Figure 5 A buffer area 1.3 The combined Activity Cycle diagram for the whole system and necessary conventions. Robot 1 Robot 2 Part At final position A Part At Position Zero Machine 2 Machine 1 Robot moves a part from Robot moves a part from machine 1 Robot moves a part out from machine 2 Position zero to machine 1 to machine 2 if machine 2 is ready at final position Robot moves a part from machine 1 Robot moves a part from buffer zone To buffer zone if machine 2 is busy to machine 2 when machine 2 become available Buffer zone Figure 6 Part B The elements of the Activity Cycle Diagram that introduce the parts in the cell. Robots are the elements of ACD that introduce parts into machines. It is assumed that there are two Robots. Robot 1 introduce part into machine one and then it has two choices. It moves part from machine 1 to machine 2 if machine 2 is ready to uptake the part. In case the machine 2 is busy, the Robot 1 moves part from machine 1 to buffer zone which is a waiting area. The Robot two is assumed to work with machine 2. It moves part from buffer area into machine 2 when machine 2 becomes available. After processing in machine 2, the Robot 2 moves part from machine 2 to its final position. It should be noted that some assumptions have been made for the responsibilities of two elements (Robots) provided exact tasks have been provided. Four bullet points of the key aspects of proposed diagram. The conditions on which the particular activities in your diagram will be executed. Each activity in ACD is bound with some condition or conditions. For example, in the activity of moving part from machine 1 to machine 2, the attached condition is availability of the machine 2. The Robot 1 will move part from machine 1 to machine 2 provided machines 2 is available to uptake the part. If the condition changes and machine 2 is busy, then Robot 1 will move part to buffer zone. The other significant activity of ACD is related to moving part from buffer zone to machine 2. It is assumed to be done by Robot 2. The Robot 2 has two choices or it will be dealing with two conditions. In condition one when machine 2 is busy, The Robot 2 will not move part from buffer area to machine 2. In condition 2 when machine 2 has become available, then the Robot 2 will move part from buffer zone to machine 2. In the third significant activity, the Robot 2 will move part from machine 2 to its final stage conditional that machine 2 has finished its job on the part. In short, each activity in an ACD is related to one or more conditions. The main attributes of your entities The ACD represents the activities of a model with its entities by composing their life cycles (Abdul et al 1994). The entity could be a passive state as Queue or an active state as activity (Sawhney et al 1995). The Queue and activity are represented in ACD with specific symbols (Shi et al 1997). In the current example, there are also two entities. One is the actual activity or the active state like moving Part from machine one to machine 2 and other entity is the passive entity like buffer zone which can be said as the queue. Similarly we can look at the total entities in ACD. In current example, entities are machine 1, machine 2, Part, buffer area, robot. The physical realization of the queues in the system The physical activity diagram presents an obvious picture to observe the queues in the system (Zeigler 1987). The physical realisation of the queues in the current example comes from the buffer zone which is used as a queue in the example. The part has to wait in buffer area when machine 2 is not free. Therefore the buffer are presents a realisation of the physical queue. The outcome parameters to be studied by the model built upon activity cycle diagram. Each model is designed to study certain parameters in the model (Halpin 1977). The simulation even not used primarily for the optimization of parameters is helpful in optimizing the model in joint effort with design analysis and mathematical evaluation. In the current study, the potential parameters which can be a focus of the study may be studying of queues at buffer zone level, Rate of feed at machine 1, rate of part flow from machine 1 to machine 2 and the removal rate of part from machine 2. All these parameters are of quite significance. For example any significant delay at queue (at buffer zone), decrease at the feed rate at machine 1 or delay at removal rate of part at machine 2 can disrupt the Cell function or decrease its efficiency. The kind of simulation experiments that would be performed with the model. In the real world experimentation can be expensive and in manufacturing and production system, many resources may be used in experimentation (McCahill et al 1993). The alternative to expensive experimentation is simulation methods and other analytical methods (Nance et al 1988). Especially computer model simulations may be economical and provide a chance of actual system observation without incurring unacceptable and expensive options (Murata 1989). On the other hand, physical models may not provide a real picture especially where a layout of resources requires examination such as productivity flow (Vanegas et al 1993). In complex and multistage problems, it may become complex to conduct real and physical experimentation (Paulson 1978). Some actions and activities are not even possible in real world such as a process like flow line optimisation where blocking of a system is required but practically very hard to follow (Paulson et al 1987). However, simulation is not an optimisation p rocedure and must be supported with other procedures like design analysis and optimisation. Therefore we can use experiments like optimisation, design analysis, computerisation simulation, manual simulation, and mathematical model analysis. In current example, objective of model will be kept in mind. First of all small models will be built for each entity. Model will be built in phases and each phase will be checked if it is working properly. The model will be made in phases as it is shown in individual ACD examples. The final ACD will be built once the individual ACD for each entity are checked. Each ACD if planned on computer model or manually will be debugged and corrected. Conclusion ACD are actually the significant evaluation of the flow chart design but with additional features of being used in production and manufacturing field by simulation process. Software is used in designing, analysis and simulation process. Each ACD has entities, attributes attached with entities and conditions associated with each activity. ACD is developed by designing individual ACD for each activity separately and then analysis them for correction. The whole model ACD is developed by merging individual ACD. The current assignment has provided a chance to understand the process of ACD development and analysis by working from individual ACD to the ACD of whole model. References Abdul Riaz, S., Shi, j. 1994. Automated construction simulation optimization. J Construction Eng and Management. ASCE. 120(2), 374-385. Halpin, D.W.1977. Cyclone. A method for modeling job site processes. J Construction Eng and Management. ASCE. 103(3), 489-499 McCahill, D.F., L.E.Bernold.1993. Resource oriented modeling and simulation in Construction. J Construction Eng and Management. ASCE.119 (3), 590-606. Murata, T.1989. Petri nets. Properties, Analysis and implications. Proceeding of IEEE. 77(4).541-580. Nance, r.e, Overstreet .C.M. 1988. Diagnostic assistance using digraph representations of discrete event simulation model specifications. Transactions of the society for computer simulation. 4(1).33-57. Paulson, B.C.1978. Interactive graphics for simulating construction operations. J. Construction. Div. ASCE. 104(1), 69-76. Paulson, B.C., Chan, W.T., Koo, C.C.1987. Construction Operations simulation by microcomputer. J Construction Eng and Management. ASCE.113 (2), 302-314. Sawhney, A., S.M. AbouRiaz.1995. Simulation based planning method for construction project. J Construction Eng and Management. ASCE. 121(3). 297-303. Shi, J., S.AbouRizk.1997. Resource based modeling for construction simulation. J Construction Eng and Management. Vanegas, J.A., E.B.Bravo., D.W.Halpin.1993. Simulation Technologies for planning heavy construction processes. J Construction Eng and Management. ASCE.119 (2).336-354. Zeigler .B.P. 1987. Hierarchical modular discrete event modeling in an object oriented environment. Simulation. 49(5).219-230.

Epic of Beowulf Essay - Prosody of Beowulf -- Epic Beowulf essays

Prosody of Beowulf  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The prosody of Beowulf is the art of Old English versification, made to be chanted orally, not read silently. Therefore it uses alliteration and accent to achieve the poetic effect which Modern English poetry achieves through the use of poetic feet, each having the same number of syllables and the same pattern of accent (Wilkie 1271). Theory on the prosody of Beowulf is evolving.    In the manuscript version of the poem, alliteration is employed in almost every line (or two half-lines); in most modern translations of the poem this is not so. In lines 4 and 5 of the poem we find:    Oft Scyld Scefing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   sceapena preatum monegum maegpum  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   meodo-setla ofteah    The repetition of the â€Å"s† sound in line 4 and of the â€Å"m† sound in line 5 illustrate alliteration, and this occurs throughout the poem, providing to the listener an aesthetic sense of   rightness or pleasure. In 1958 two language scholars, Lehmann nd Tabusa, produced an alphabetized list of every alliterated word in the poem. One translator, Kevin Crossley-Holland, in his rendition of the poem in Literature of the Western World, actually includes considerable alliteration (Wilkie 1271). The Old English poet would â€Å"tie† the two half-lines together by their stressed alliteration (Chickering 4). The first half-line is called the on-verse, which is followed by the off-verse. Each line of poetry ideally contains four principal stresses, two on each side of a strong medial caesura, or pause, and a variable number of less-heavily stressed or unstressed ones. â€Å"At least one of the two stressed words in the first half-line, and usually both of them, b egin with the same sound as t... ...ed by Joseph F. Tuso. New York, W.W.Norton and Co.: 1975.    Kiernan, Kevin S.. â€Å"The Legacy of Wiglaf,† In The Beowulf Reader, edited by Peter S. Baker. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.    Magoun, Frances P. â€Å"Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry.†Ã‚   In TheBeowulf Poet, edited by Donald K. Fry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Stockwell, Robert. P. and Donka Minkova. â€Å"Prosody† In A Beowulf Handbook, edited by Robert Bjork and John D. Niles. Lincoln, Nebraska: Uiversity of Nebraska Press, 1997.    Tharaud, Barry. â€Å"Anglo-Saxon Language and Traditions in Beowulf.† In Readings on Beowulf, edited by Stephen P. Thompson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press,1998.    Wilkie, Brian. â€Å"Beowulf.† Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.   

Frankenstein Relationships :: Essays Papers

Frankenstein Relationships Many stories have progressed enough to be the topic of conversation from time to time. The novel, Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus has different relationships to many other topics. The author of the story, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley who was born almost 200 years ago bringing with her the age of horror (Edison 5), used biographical strategies to write Frankenstein. Also, as time progressed, Frankenstein became a well-known story. It was turned into many different films that depicted the time period that it happened to be from. One final relationship that Frankenstein has happens to be the way that everyone can draw morals from the story, no matter what the reader’s age, or how the reader’s life has evolved. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley used biographical strategies to write her well-known novel. Frankenstein has plenty of tragedy included to form the storyline. Many women passed away throughout the entire novel. Perhaps the reason for these mishaps was because Shelley watched many women and children die all through her life. For instance, her mother died after giving birth to Shelley. Also, only one of Mary’s children survived infancy. Mary herself almost died after a miscarriage. Percy Shelley’s wife, Harriet, committed suicide. (Percy married Mary after his wife took her own life.) Shelley also demonstrated a bond between specifics such as names, dates and events. For example, the letters that form the narration of the novel were written to Margaret Walton Saville (Whose initials M.W.S are those of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley). These letters were written not only during the time that Mary was going through her third pregnancy, but also during the time when she was writing the novel itself. It appears that Mary tries to be a silent person in her story. Most of the important scenes revolve around her in some way. Certain dates had a large enough impact on Mary’s life that she integrated them into her novel. â€Å"Mellor discovered that the day and date on which Walton first sees the creature, Monday, 31 July, had coincided in 1797, the year in which Mary Shelley was born. This fact and other internal evidence led Mellor to conclude that the novel ends on 12 September 1797, two days after Mary Wollstonecraft’s death.

Nathaniel Hawthorne-Gothic Elements

Nathaniel Hawthorne uses ‘gothic’ elements in his stories a great deal. The story it stuck out to me the most in was Young Goodman Brown. The main things in the story that made the gothic elements stick out to me are some of the settings, and characters, and events that happen within the story. This whole story is crawling with gothic elements, some very obvious and others not so much. The story starts of in the late 16th early 17th century in Salem Massachusetts. This is the time during the Salem witch trials. This was probably, not the best time to be in Salem if I had to guess.The story starts of sunny, not so gloomy but suddenly gets that way as soon as Goodman Brown leaves his wife Faith on his errand in the woods. Anything at dusk will have that gloomy eerie filling, but woods have that little something extra that makes them extra eerie. â€Å"He had taken a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through, and closed immediately. † (Perkins 449) The imagery that pops up in your head when you read this is not the only thing I get out of this sentence a little creepy.The word usage is what really gets me. Hawthorne’s use of words was just amazing. The way he made you feel, you could tell it was not anywhere you would want to be. The words dreary, gloomiest and creep just gives you the chills. Once Goodman Brown is in the woods the setting only gets more gloomy and dreary. Another really strange scene is when Goodman Brown can see the bright sky, and then all of a sudden a big black cloud forms right over Brown’s head. Everywhere else he could see the â€Å"Blue Sky† (Prekins 453) except over him. Is that not creepy or what?The book calls the dark cloud a â€Å"black mass of cloud. † (Perkins 453) This is when all the dark things happen. Some of the characters in Young Goodman Brown that have a gothic since to them are very obvious. T he Devil is an example of one that to me was a little tricky at first. This part of the story threw me. It took me reading it for the second time to actually figure out that was the devil was the gentleman that Goodman met in the woods the whole time. After sitting back and actually thinking about it, it’s quite obvious that this man is in fact the devil.The strange thing that I found about the devil is he was about the same age as Goodman Brown and favored him â€Å"in expression more than features. † (Perkins 449) So he was not at all what you think the devil would appear like. The one thing that did make since that was dark about the man, was his walking stick. â€Å"His staff, which bore the likeness of a great black snake, so curiously wrought that it might almost be seen to twist and wriggle itself like a live serpent. † (Perkins 449) This was the dark thing that should have warned Goodman about the man.Goodman Brown is another one that is a little off. Th ough you do not see it in the beginning of the story, you do more toward the end. Goodman seems like a god Christian fellow, especially when he says, â€Å"With heaven above and Faith below, I will yet stand firm against the devil. † (Perkins 453) This is when the cloud talked about earlier appears and Goodman soon after loses his faith. One thing that caught my eye about Goodman Brown and why I thought he was somewhat corrupted is when he goes up to the altar. He tries fighting it the whole time, but eventually gives in.The elements in the story Young Goodman Brown that has the gothic feel to them are somewhat obvious, and the reason why he uses these elements. The reason Hawthorne uses Gothicism is to show that there can be evil in everyone. The devil can show up anywhere. Goodman Brown found this out the hard way, he also found out sometimes you truly do not know someone. Some people can surprise you, and not be who you think they are. This is the biggest thing I got out o f this story. Works Cited Perkins, George and Barbara. The American Tradition in Literature. New York, New York: mcGraw-Hill, 2009.

Mister

Of Bunt is practiced and why it is of benefit to the community. You may also mention the challenges to Bunt in this modern era. ‘Bunt is an African word for a universal concept. Bunt is the potential for being human, to value the good of the community above self interest. Bunt is to strive to help people in the spirit of service, to show respect to others and to be honest and trustworthy, are the words of Kevin Chaplin.Moreover, Bunt is second nature to us Africans, hence the fact that a number of us have not heard of it but practice it. In addition, the Mama community found in Iambi can be thought of as a perfect example of Bunt practitioners. Firstly, when looking at a typical settlement inhibited by the Mama people it would come across to you that they are one big family but most of them are not related through blood ties, which contradicts the observation of how they live together.In continuance, adults consider the children of their neighbors as their own as they let them eat and drink in the same plates and ups with their children and this simple and kind gesture teaches all the children the value of sharing which is one of the fundamental outlined in the concept of Bunt. Furthermore, these children grow up to be positive additions to the community and the nation.Dry Johann Broody at a conference said†My neighbor's sorrow Is my sorrow' (2006), which is another key concept when dealing with Bunt, as sorrow Is an obstacle which everyone has to go through and It usually comes In the form of death, Illness or other hurtful events. And when neighbors are struck by sorrow, the members of the community would never live those Individuals to mourn In solitude, they would mourn and weep with them as they are also touched by what has effected their neighbor. Moreover, this act signifies unity and the bond among the community members solidifies.On the other hand, Joy Is also shared because happiness Is only true once It Is shared with others and smiling a nd laughing about certain matters Is also another mall point of Bunt and that decreases tension teen Individuals which In turn means that there will be less violence. â€Å"To be Inhumane Is to be Like an animal† (Broody, 2006), humanness Is the very essence of Bunt and the manner In which one greets another Is a very delicate matter when It comes to the Mama people as one should greet others heartily and enquire In depth and the greatest detail about the other person's well being before anything else Is said or done.In addition, It Is also a sign of respect which Is very Important In a immunity and the Interest shown In the others life also strengthens the bond the community members have. Lastly, the thought of being helped out by another person In the light of today Is frowned upon because It Is considered as If you one Is lazy or parasitic. Moreover, the world thrives more on competition among people more than It did 20 years ago and sharing Ideas and resources does not ex ist anymore. Virtually, Bunt Is a beautiful concept of lifestyle, so much so that businesses have adopted It but In the modern era It Is considered more of a cliche than It Is a Mister The origin of the expression â€Å"Ladles First† has a very strange story, that as most people says. The story states that In eighteenth century In Italy, there was a son of a king falling in love with a very poor girl from the people of the kingdom. He faced a huge rejection from his kingdom family. The worst thing he ever faced Is the true love they had between. For the love they shared the son of the king and the poor girl they TLD want anything to destroy their love except death, so they decided to die gather.For that they decided to Jump over the edge from a very high climb. They went to the climb, the poor girl wanted to Jump first, but the son of the king can't handle to see her Jump from there. So he decided to Jump first, after he Jumped the poor girl couldn't handle the scene, so she changed her mind and decided not to lump. The poor girl came back to the village and married a poor guy same as her. This story shows that the women betrayal can't be compared to anythin g else. The girl betrayal her love for not dying; since that time the expression used as extend omen for making sure the woman will never betrayal the rest.After a while different meaning came upon â€Å"Ladies First† expression. Later on the expression had been used as a manner of a gentleman to show the morality of humanity from gentleman to ladies. This manner had been used as making the lady at first because as it known ladies are the spirit of this life, or as I can say it. In my opinion this expression are being used a lot when love is there, also when there is a specific business between a business man and a businesswoman as respect.The manners of immunity shows to us how we are human, it is always came by the heart with the use of mind. We respect each other for the difference in age, gender, cleverness, and a lot. The point of the use of â€Å"Ladies First† expression in respect is to make ladies ahead of us all the time recognition of her gender. Women are mo re sensitive and they always full of emotions. Men can't control her emotions and feelings, so we always prefer to make her the best out of the emotions and feelings she has that men doesn't have. The reality of emotion is controlled by the heart, not the mind.Most of the people can use a very small percentage of their mind to show their feelings and emotions; but at the end what controls the emotions Is the heart. Let's start over and let us see why we are discussing about the emotion while our mall point Is the expression â€Å"Ladles First† The reason behind that man has emotions over women, and that emotion goes to show our respect and our feeling upon that women. When men want to show that, they use the expression Ladles First to hide their Maximum. [email  protected] Com happiness of their real emotion from the woman. Mister Brazil It is almost impossible to consider any part of the Brazilian culture without considering Christianity. It Is the dominant religion of Brazil and reflects every aspect of Brazilian way of life: Beliefs, Politics, Economy, National Holidays, Medal reports, festive and community In general. In this essay I will try to focus on the lesser-known aspects and facts of Christianity embedded In the Brazilian culture. Brazil has a population of over 200 million habitants and one of the largest numbers of Catholics in the world .In 1970, 90% of Brazilian consider themselves Catholic but in 2010 his number has reduced to 65%2. The decreased of members of the Roman Catholic Church has been caused by the increase of Neo-Pentecostal churches and Afro- Brazilian religions. The greatest shift has been to evangelical Protestantism which now represents over 22% of the population. Brazil has many versions of Protestantism, most common are: the Fundamentalists, Baptists, Presbyterian and Methodis ts.Marx – Beliefs – Politics – Economics If we compare the decline of Catholicism and economic transformation of Brazilian society, we could reaffirm the work of Max Weeper's In the book â€Å"The Protestant Work Ethic and the Split of Capitalism. In the sass's the vast majority of Brazilian where Catholic, the economy was weak and the working class population were mainly agrarian. With the evolution of society into industrialized, second millennium, the number of protestant have increased, the economy improved a level that has become a world leader.According to Weber, it is much more than just a change of production processes, but also, a change in mentality. This change from Catholicism to Protestantism is â€Å"expressed socially with civic model and self-governance†4, taken lace with economic stability; people take their lives into their own hands and to an extent free themselves from the central government economy and society. Geographic similaritie s with Weeper's European analysis where it is true to say, the major concentration of Catholics are in the poorest are warmest-sunnier part while the Protestant are established In the Southern (cooler-climate) part of the country.The Power of the Catholic Church remain very strong Into Brazilian legislation. Examples can be seen in issues regarding abortion: Weeper's religion-shift is affirmed by the Brazilian political scenario. From 1964 to 1 985 (perhaps when the Catholicism was at its peak), the Brazilian government was ruled by an authoritarian military dictatorships. Political parties such as The Christian Democratic Party (PDP) were banned by the military regime and it was re-created shortly after the fall of the military regimen. In Weeper's view; people want to be involved in politics.Coincidently, today with larger number of Protestants, Brazilian political system is done via a rather democratic voting system; with elections held every 4 years and vote is impulsion for all citizens between 18 and 70 years old. Heroes' plays Important parts of Brazilian Christianity with 57% followers believing In saints. The most popular Include pilgrimages to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Senora Appareled where 26% among Catholics pray for the Intercession. According to the legend, In 1717, three fishermen were having bad luck in catching fish for an important festival lots of fish.Because of that and many other miracles attributed to the image, in 1737 a chapel was built and in 1745 public visits began. In 1930 the statue was proclaimed o be the principal patroness of Brazil. Over the years, the number of worshippers to Lady of Senora Apartheid increased and the chapel received two main enlargements, the latest in 1980 when it was considered the largest Marina temple and the second largest Basilica in the worlds. In addition to that, in the same year the Brazilian Federal Statute declared a National holiday named as the â€Å"Feast Day of Our Lady Apartheidâ €  to be held in each year in October 12.Another traditional pilgrimage date that attracts about 8 million pilgrims a year to the Chapel is the Brazilian Independence Day, September 7. Others popular Saints are: Saint Anthony, Saint Expedites, Saint George, Saint Jude, Saint Francis of Chassis and Saint Josephus. Rituals = The Catholicism practiced in Brazil is full of popular festivities rooted in centuries-old Portuguese traditions. Popular traditions include Christmas, Easter Sunday, Good Friday and â€Å"Fests Jungian† Noun Festival). â€Å"Fests Jungian† is a Catholic feast celebrated in the name of Saint Anthony, Saint John the Baptist, and Saint Peter.The festivities are extremely popular in all urban areas and among all social classes ND lasts around two weeks in Jejunely. In many parts of the country, they are as popular as Carnival; and like Carnival, these festivities involve costume-wearing, dancing, drinking, and visual spectacles. June festival is an i mportant Brazilian festival because the retail, commerce and non-governmental (Nags) industry; shops, bars, restaurants, churches and charities develop marketing plans promoting their parties and events. Churches and No's proceeds are usually redirected to local, most-needed members of community.Values = In business, Brazilian tend to ‘deal' tit individuals, not companies. Brazilian businessmen will usually get to know one another before committing to long-term business dealings. Therefore, you will need to establish a trusting relationship with them if you wish to gain their business. It is important that you do not try to rush them into making decisions or forming relationships 2. Manicures for women and formal dress for both sexes are expected within corporate situations Socially, Brazilian are usually rather affectionate, tactile people. Men shake hands with one another, while women will kiss each other's' weeks in greeting.One of the Catholic-Christian-based and culture- representative- values is repeatedly yearly during the world largest and most famous Brazilian Carnival. The annual festive is held officially over four-day period prior to â€Å"Ash Wednesday' marking the forty-day erred before Easter. Carnival themes range from religious, political and economic commentaries. Carnival can be consider a way that the mass-population can express (demonstrate their views) in a sarcastic, without fear of political fear of retaliation. In a party mood, meaning and double-meaning assuages is passed â€Å"without notice† of ruling power of politics and church.Wear crucifixes, to have a Christmas tree and Virgin Mary and Christ statues are key symbols that represent the Brazilian dept into Christianity. Christianity has such great impact in the Brazilian values that is the â€Å"Christ of Redeem† in ROI De Jeanine was voted as â€Å"One the Seven Wonders of the World†. The Christ of Redeem is probably one of the most popular symbols ac ross the country. In most cities, the main church (Cathedrals) holds that symbol. For example, the city where I am from, America, with a total height of 23. 80 meters 3. Mister It was marred by several challenges, such as; weak human resource, reports of alleged anti-competitive behavior in form of abuse of the dominant position and poor infrastructure among others thus creating the need for liberation's. The vaporization of this industry broadly aimed at improving the spread and affordability of modern and quality telecommunication services and this was to be achieved by encouraging participation of private investors in the development of the industry, expanding the variety of communication services available in Uganda among others.Currently, liberalizing as led to the establishment of a well-managed industry with new operators. From around 2002, the CIT developments in the country began to improve rapidly, marked by some regulations. There has been increased competition among players which has positively affected the quality of services provided and increased coverage nationwide among others. This has also resulted in reduction in service prices though th ey still among the highest in the whole Africa. Therefore this evaluation will focus on assessing the impact of liberation of the telecommunication industry.For the purpose of this evaluation, the following definitions used; 1. 1 Description of the telecommunications Industry in Uganda A telecommunications service is taken to be the relaying of messages of any form (voice or data) over communication infrastructure between a sender and a receiver. (Uganda Communications Uganda can be categorized into the following; Voice telephony: This comprises local, national (long-distance), and international calls. The two technologies employed in Uganda for providing these services are fixed-line (landlines and fixed-wireless) and mobile cellular (wireless) among others.Fixed-Line; this is further subdivided into two categories as; Landlines services: A landlines network – also referred to as a Public Switched Telephone Network (EST.) – connects all customers through a series of t ransmission and distribution lines. Telephone exchanges move calls throughout the network. Fixed wireless, fixed wireless technologies provide telecommunications service without the use of wires or cable. This includes payphone booths, the predominant fixed wireless service in Uganda.While other versions of this technology including very high frequency Wireless Local Loop and point-to-point microwave arrives, have been successfully deployed in rural areas in several developing countries, they are only recently being adopted in Uganda. Mobile Cellular; this is a combination of wireless voice telephony with mobility. All mobile cellular service in Uganda is based on the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology. GSM has become the dominant technology worldwide for digital wireless telecommunications. Con One Research, Inc. N association with SEG 51 Data; data Services in Uganda generally refer to fax, Internet Access and virtual private networks (VPN). More enhanced and data-intensive services such as video- nonfreezing are not commonly available. Fixed line landlines services; consumers with access to landlines voice telephony have narrowed (beginning at speeds of 9. 6 Kbps or 14. 4 Kbps and upwards to 33. 6) data services through dial-up. Fixed wireless; this service requires a stationary terminal at the customer premise connecting to the service provider through airwaves (point-to-point microwave or spread spectrum).Mobile operators in Uganda are using their GSM networks to provide fixed wireless data services in some areas. Narrowed (generally not exceeding 9. 6 Kbps) data services are available in this way. High speed fixed wireless services (64 Kbps and 128 Kbps) are available in Kampala using frequency hopping spread spectrum technologies. This service is being used by operators and their customers to create VPN for large businesses with several offices in Kampala. Mobile Cellular; mobile cellular offerings in data currently include 9. 6 Kb ps or 14. 4 Kbps transmission, mainly for SMS (short messaging service).There has been some Internet access, but speeds are slow. Higher generation mobile cellular data services such as GAPS, EDGE, and G services are not available. Very small aperture terminal (VAST); VAST service sends ND receives data (and voice) transmission to and from satellite earth stations. The satellites are incorporated into global telecommunications networks and provide satellite-based communications to geographically dispersed locations in Uganda and throughout the world. Customers pay for VAST equipment located at their premises and also pay service provider fees. 3. Value Added Services Payphones; these are fixed-line, UN-staffed stations available to the public. They accept either coins or phone cards as payment. In rural areas, they normally appear in trading centers. Phone sharing; this is the service of providing an owned (most often mobile cellular) phone to customers for a fee. It's essentially a very short-term rental service. Because it is often not economical. Particularly in rural areas, for residential users to own phones, this has become a very popular service in Uganda, and has taken on a wide variety of forms.Computer sharing; this is the service of providing computer terminals with access to the Internet. The most popular form is the cyber cafe ©, which often provides not only computers and Internet access, but also additional products and services such as food, fax, entertainment and even computer training. Many cyber cafe ©s have recently emerged in Uganda, mostly in Kampala. FM Radio; this is a form of non-interactive CIT that is particularly important for reaching out to rural residents, particularly those unable to access other services. More than 100 stations have become established in Uganda.Many of these are local language stations based in small urban centers, but with primarily rural coverage, providing a range of information important to the poor suc h as health education, family planning, commodity prices in local markets, civic education, etc. They incorporate an interesting mix of private, immunity, Non-Government Organization and donor sponsors. Television; this is also a form of non-interactive CIT that is used to transmit moving visual media. Televisions are used to view various subscriptions and non- subscription based programming, movies (via an additional media player).Television stations have increased from the one TV- CITY to over ten stations though most of them are operated in urban areas rural areas get good transmission of some them. Solutions and add-ones; this is the service of improving the functionality of core services by assistance, training, problem solving and the layering of additional features onto a ore service (e. G. , dial-up connectivity to an ISP, network security, web and mail hosting, etc. ). This is not yet a big market in Uganda, it is predominantly in urban centers.However; with the liberation' s in Uganda, an operator of such telecommunications services must obtain either one or all of the following service licenses; Public Service Provider (SSP) License, Public Voice and Data License, Capacity Resale License, Public Infrastructure Provider License (PIP) and a General License. And these are provided by the Uganda Communications Commission 1. 2 The Objectives of Impact Evaluation Development Assessment Committee (DACCA-COED, 2001) defines impact evaluation as the positive and negative primary and secondary, long term effects produced by a development intervention.This may be direct or indirect as well as intended or unintended. This should be informed by clear and realistic objectives. Therefore, the objectives of the impact evaluation of the liberation's of the telecommunications industry in Uganda shall be informed by the following objectives. 1. 2. 1 Overall objective of Impact Evaluation The overall objective of the Impact Evaluation (E) of the liberation's of electrif ication industry in Uganda is â€Å"To establish the impact of liberalizing following specific objectives. 1. 2. 2 The Specific Objectives 1 .To assess the impact of liberalizing of the telecommunication sector in Uganda on the expansion of national coverage of communication services and products 2. To establish the impact of liberalizing of the telecommunication industry on the pricing and quality of services provided by the industry in Uganda 3. To establish the effect of liberalizing of the telecommunication industry on direct and indirect funding by government to the sector 4. To assess the effect of liberation of the telecommunication industry on the level of innovation in the industry. . 3 The Hypothesis The following assumptions have been advanced to determine the above objectives. These include; 1 . Liberation of the telecommunication industry has greatly impacted on the expansion of national coverage of communication services and products 2. Liberation of the telecommunica tion industry has had a positive impact on pricing and quality of services provided by the industry in Uganda? 3. Liberation of the telecommunication industry has positively affected direct and indirect budgetary allocation by government to the sector 4.Liberation of the telecommunication industry has to a great extent affected the level of innovation in the industry. 1. 4 The Theory of Change The achievement of the programmer impact will be based on the following theory of change as illustrated in the diagram below. 1. 5 Evaluation Questions: 1 . How has the liberation of the telecommunication sector impacted on the expansion of national coverage of communication services and products? 2. What impact has the liberation of the telecommunication industry had on the pricing ND quality of services provided by the industry in Uganda? . What effect has the liberalizing of the telecommunication industry had on direct and indirect funding by government to the sector? 4. To what extent has liberation of the telecommunication industry affected the level of innovation in the industry? The Logic Model 1 . Percentage coverage of telecommunication infrastructure nationwide 2. Proportion of households with access to telecommunication services 3. Proportion of households with access to uninterrupted connection time and service 4. Proportion of budgetary allocation to the telecommunication industry 5.Percentage of increase in innovation in the telecommunication industry 1. 7 The Evaluation Design and Method The evaluation will adopt both quantitative and qualitative approaches. However, more emphasis will be put on the qualitative approach which provides in-depth and reliable information that will be used to explain quantitative findings. Nevertheless, it has its own shortcomings for example generalization cannot be done using qualitative data. This limitation will be catered for by the quantitative method.With regards to the evaluation design, the evaluation will adopt the n on-experimental sign taking on the longitudinal design in particular which will be carried out after every three years. The non-experimental design also known as descriptive designs was selected because it provides an extensive description of the relationship between an intervention and its effects which will greatly suit the evaluation to be undertaken. In particular, the propensity score matching evaluation method will also be used adopted.This will involve the creation of the best possible artificial comparison groups by matching large data sets and heavy statistical techniques. With this, for each unit in the treatment group and in the pool of non-enrolled units, the probability that a unit will enroll in a program based on observed values will be computed. Once the propensity score is computed then the units in the treatment group will be matched with units in the pool of non-enrollees that have the closest propensity score. The difference in outcome between the treatment or en rolled units and their matched comparison units will produce the estimated impact of the program.The Sampling method/technique With regards to the sampling technique, the evaluation will use both probability and UT the study population and these include; (I) Purposive sampling; this will be used by the evaluator to identify key respondents that have information on the topic being evaluated and this information will be used to enrich the evaluation. Also, Purposive sampling will be used to select 2 districts from each clustered region using population density as the basis where we will select one district from each region with a high population density and one with a low population density.Cluster sampling; using cluster sampling, the evaluator will be able to cluster the area under valuation which is the whole country into 7 regions which are; the central, western, southwestern, Eastern, North Eastern, West Nile, and Northern region. The same sampling method will also be used to clu ster the selected districts into 5 supervision areas. (iii) Lot quality sampling (LOS); the sampling method will be used to cluster the selected districts into 5 supervision areas as recommended by the LOS method where, a sample of 19 households as recommended by LOS will be selected from each of the purposively selected districts.This according to the LOS method gives the highest confidence level. ‘v) Simple random and systematic random sampling; simple random sampling will be used to randomly select the first interview location, thereafter; systematic sampling will be adopted to sample subsequent households that will participate in the survey from the random number table. Sampling procedure Since the study is covering the whole country, the evaluator will cluster the districts into 7 regions. These include the Central, Western, Southwestern, Eastern, North Eastern, West Nile, and Northern region.Multi-stage cluster approach will be adopted and two districts purposively selec ted from each region. In particular, two districts will be selected from each region basing on the population density where districts with the highest and lowest population densities will be purposively selected to determine the level coverage in the two scenarios. Five supervision areas will be identified from each district. This will involve combining parishes to form five supervision areas in case of districts with less or more sub-counties.A total 19 samples will be drawn from each supervision area and samples drawn at parish level. The cumulative population of the district will be divided by the sample number f households (19) as recommended by the LOS method which will give the sample interval. When this is obtained, the obtained sample interval will be used to identify the first household from the random table where a value will be read and used to compare to the listed household list. To then get the subsequent interview or household the evaluator will add the sample interva l to the first identified listed household.The Sample Size For the survey technique, the sample population which are the households will be selected from the 7 regions mentioned above where from each district a total of 95 should will be sampled that is 19 households from each of the 5 clustered supervision areas. In all, a total of 1,330 households will be sampled to participate in the evaluation. 1. 8 Evaluation data collection Methods The evaluation will use both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources will mainly involve field data collection whereas secondary data will be obtained from review of published documents.In particular, the following methods will be used; administered to households that will be systematically selected to participate in the evaluation. Development of the questionnaire will involve all the relevant parties who ill identify important issues to be covered in the evaluation. Key Informant Interviews; this will be done face to face with purposive ly selected respondents that are knowledgeable about the liberalizing of the telecommunication industry. It will provide sufficient descriptive information and will be carried out using a short interview guide.Recording: this will be used to record responses provided by the purposively selected key informants. The recordings will then be transcribed into notes which will be used in the analysis process. Documentation; the evaluator will include data from various published sources or documents. In doing this, the evaluator will first try to verify to ensure that data to be used in the evaluation was properly collected with accuracy Observation; there will be observation made with regards to confirming whether cables have been laid to confirm responses provided like infrastructure in form of for example optic cables, network availability and so on. . 9 Data Processing, Analysis and Reporting For the quantitative approach, this process will involve; organizing data, calculating and int erpreting the data obtained. The evaluator will begin by organizing all questionnaires to check for completeness, accuracy and assign a unique identifier to each questionnaire. The evaluator will then go on to define the correct responses and then code them accordingly.Once this is done, data will be entered in to computer; analyses using the SPAS package and calculations will be made to describe the raw data where measures of central tendency will mainly be used to determine performance of each indicator. The information will then be interpreted and presented using tabulations, maps, pie- charts and so on. For qualitative approach, analysis of evaluation data will begin from the field where arioso observation and analytical insights will be noted and unclear responses clarified.This data will then be safely stored. Once the evaluator leaves the field, the collected data will be read and themes, categories identified and coding done. From this, data will then present in an evaluatio n report which will be disseminated to various stakeholders. 1. 10 Ethical Considerations The process of impact evaluation requires guidance and adherence to ethical standards of the utmost importance. The evaluation team will ensure strict adherence to these standards including. In particular, the following will be observed;